2019年高中英语Unit1GreatscientistsSectionⅠWarmingUp.docx

Unit 1 Great scientistsTu Youyou， the first Chinese woman to win a Nobel Prize in science， has made us all proud. Tu， born in 1930， discovered artemisinin (青蒿素)， a drug that has reduced the death rates for patients suffering from malaria (疟疾). “Artemisinin is a gift for the world people from the traditional Chinese medicine”. It is of great importance for curing malaria and other infectious diseases and for protecting the health of the world people.Tus winning the prize shows that China has made rapid progress in scientific and technological field and marks a great contribution of traditional Chinese medicine to the cause of human health.Tu was born in Ningbo， Zhejiang province， China on 30 December， 1930. Tu studied at Beijing Medical University School of Pharmacy， and graduated in 1955. Later Tu was trained for two and a half years in traditional Chinese medicine. Tu worked at the Academy of Chinese Medicine in Beijing after graduation. She was promoted to a researcher in 1980 only after the Chinese economic reform. In 2011， Tu became the first scientist in China to win Americas Lasker Award (拉斯克奖) for her achievements. Currently she is the Chief Scientist in the Academy.Section_Warming Up & Reading PrereadingJOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in London so expert， indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow约翰斯诺(18131858)，英国医生defeat dIfit vt.打败；战胜；使受挫King Cholera1854年爆发于英国的一次严重霍乱expert ekspt adj.熟练的 n专家；行家attend tend vt.照顾；护理；参加Queen Victoria维多利亚女王(18191901)physician fIzIn n医生；内科医师expose Ikspz . to使显露；暴露过去分词短语exposed to cholera作后置定语，修饰people。deadly dedlI adj.致命的of its day当时；那时。在句中作后置定语。cure kj n治愈；痊愈 vt.治愈；治疗every time每次；用作连词，连接时间状语从句。outbreak atbreIk n爆发；发作(尤指疾病或战争)challenge tlInd n挑战that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词theories。multiply v繁殖；成倍增加；乘a cloud of一团victim vIktIm n受害者absorb bzb vt.吸收；吸引；使专心absorb . into . 将吸入过去分词affected在句中作定语，意为“受疾病侵袭的”。约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”第12段译文约翰斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。霍乱是当时最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。因此，每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。约翰斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道在找到病源之前，疫情是无法控制的。对于霍乱是如何致人死亡的，当时有两种相对合理的看法，斯诺对这两种看法比较感兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，它像一股危险的气体到处飘浮，直到找到受害者为止。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。 疾病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者很快就会死亡。John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods， he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.suspect sspekt vt.认为；怀疑 sspekt n被怀疑者；嫌疑犯hit vt.(厄运、灾难等)突然袭击；侵袭enquiry InkwaIrI n询问as在句中引导时间状语，意为“当时候”。neighbourhood neIbhd n附近；邻近severe sIvI adj.严重的；剧烈的；严厉的so . that .“如此以至于”be determined to do下定决心做第3段译文约翰斯诺推测第二种理论是正确的， 但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱时，约翰斯诺就准备开始他的调查。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，他就开始收集资料。在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心要查明原因。First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40)He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.mark . on .把标在上where引导定语从句，修饰先行词places。clue klu n线索；提示death n死；死亡(人数)；死亡案例pump pmp n泵；抽水机 vt.(用泵)抽(水)Broad Street牛津城的宽街，历史建筑群最密集的街道之一。Cambridge keImbrId Street 剑桥大街foresee fsi vt.(foresaw, foreseen) 预见；预知investigation InvestIgeIn n调查It seemed that .好像blame bleIm vt.责备；谴责 n过失；责备be to blame应受责备；该受责备look into调查；了解pollute plut vt.污染；弄脏handle hndl n柄；把手 vt.处理；操纵so that引导目的状语从句。slow down减缓；缓解germ dm n微生物；细菌第45段译文首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱病因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近(特别是16、37、38、40号)。约翰斯诺还发现有些住宅(如宽街上的20号和21号以及剑桥大街上的8号和9号)却无人死亡。他以前没预见到这种情况，所以他要进行更进一步的调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥大街7号的酒馆里工作。酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵里抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。接下来，约翰斯诺调查了这两条街的水源。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被从伦敦排放的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的百姓拆掉水泵的把手，这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气体传播的。In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street， liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the germs.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.supporting adj.有力的；(演员、角色)次要的；配角的supporting evidence有力的证据link lIk vt.& n连接；联系link . to .将和联系或连接起来who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词woman。had it delivered (让人运送它)中it代指上文的water，have为使役动词，过去分词delivered作宾语补足语。announce nans vt.宣布；通告with certainty“肯定地”，作状语。prevent . (from) doing阻止做be examined为虚拟语气结构，其前省略了should。instruct Instrkt vt.命令；指示；教导instruct sb. to do sth.指导某人做某事第67段译文在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水运到她家。她和她的女儿喝了这种水后，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个额外的证据，约翰斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。为了防止这种情况再度发生，约翰斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司得到指示，再也不能让人们接触被污染的水了。最后，“霍乱王”被击败了。PrereadingPlease match the words with their proper meanings.1defeatAto make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness2cure Ba new or difficult task that tests sb.s ability and skill3challenge Cto win against sb.in a war, competition, sports game, etc.4suspect Dto have an idea that something is bad but without having definite proof5blame Eto take in liquid, gas, or another substance from the surface or space around something6absorb Fto make a connection between two or more things or people7link Gto think or say that sb./sth. is responsible for sth.bad8conclusion Hthe part of sth.used to open it; to deal with; to operate or control9expose Ito show sth. that is usually covered or hidden; to make sth. known publicly10handle Jsth. that you decide is true after thinking it carefully; the end of sth.15_610_答案：15CABDG610EFJIHLeadinMatch the pictures with the proper introductions.1_F_ He is considered as one of the greatest scientists in history for his discovery of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion.2_B_ She is a famous Chinese female scientist who won the 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine on October 5 for her discoveries concerning a novel treatment against malaria (疟疾). This is the first Nobel Prize given to a Chinese scientist for work carried out within China.3_E_ He is a British scientist. He worked in astronomy and put forward a theory about black holes.4_A_ He was a scientist who made important contributions to the missile and space programs.He returned to China in 1955 and led the Chinese rocket program, and became known as the “Father of Chinese Rocketry”.WhilereadingFastreadingSkim the text and choose the best answers.1Whats the main idea of the passage?AJohn Snow was a wellknown doctor in London.BThe cause of cholera was polluted water.CThe source of all drinking water should be examined.DHow John Snow collected, analyzed data and found the cause of the disease and solved it.答案：D2Find out the main idea (or topic sentence) of each paragraph：Para.1APolluted water carried the disease.Para.2 B“King Cholera” was defeated at last.Para.3 CJohn Snow wanted to use his knowledge to solve cholera.Paras.4 & 5 DHe got interested in two theories explaining the cause of cholera.Para.6 EHe needed evidence to prove the second theory was correct.Para.7 FHe found out that dirty water was the cause of cholera.Para.1 _Para.2 _Para.3 _ Paras.4 & 5 _Para.6 _ Para.7 _答案：Para.1CPara.2DPara.3E Paras.4 & 5FPara.6A Para.7BCarefulreadingRead the text and choose the best answers.1According to John Snows view, _.AQueen Victoria suffered a lot from bad healthBa cure had been found for cholera before his timeCcholeras cause had to be discovered in order to control itDthousands of terrified people knew what they should do2Which of the following theories did John Snow believe in?AA cloud of dangerous gas would float around until it found its victims.BPeople absorbed cholera into their bodies with their meals.CPeople got infected with cholera because of cold and hunger.DPeople suffered from cholera because they were not clean.3After he made further investigations, John Snow found _.Acholera multiplied in the airBpeople absorbed this disease into their bodies with their mealsCthe water from the polluted river was to blameDflies spread the disease4How did he find out the cause of the disease?ABy living in the area where cholera broke out.BBy marking a map where all the dead people had lived.CBy telling the terrified people how to prevent it.DBy saving the dying people suffering from cholera.5How was “King Cholera” defeated?ABy not polluting the river again.BBy eating healthy diets.CBy delivering the water from other rivers.DBy stopping drinking the polluted water.答案：15CBCBDStudyreadingAnalyze the following difficult sentences in the text.1But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.句式分析尝试翻译但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。2First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.句式分析where引导定语从句，修饰先行词places, on a map为地点状语前置，原因是marked的宾语“the exact places . had lived”太长，为了结构紧凑，故放在了地点状语的后面。尝试翻译首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切的地方。3A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.句式分析 尝试翻译有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水运到她家。4To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.句式分析逗号前面的不定式短语作目的状语。suggested 后接宾语从句the source of all the water supplies be examined。尝试翻译为了防止这种情况再度发生，约翰斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。.阅读理解ABrian Greene, a professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, has created an online science education platform. He tries to “build a bridge” with things you know about, and then “bring you across that bridge to the strange place of modern physics”Recently I had a chance to ask Greene about wormholes (a hole which some scientists think might exist, connecting parts of space and time that are not usually connected), time travel and other mysteries of the universe. I asked him a milliondollar question: What if I went through a wormhole and prevented my parents from meeting? “Most of us believe that the universe makes sense，” Greene said. Although there are several interesting theories about time travel, he added, the laws of physics would probably prevent something so illogical from taking place. The good news is that the time paradox (悖论) is open for future physicists to solve.When asked how physics could become more exciting for kids, Greene said that books by Stephen Weinberg, Leonard Susskind, and other physicists, “make it a great time for people who want to learn about big ideas but arent yet ready, perhaps, to learn math.”When I pointed out that some students still might find physics boring, Greene said that the key is to teach them about things that are strange. “The basic stuff is important，” Greene said. “But I think its really important to also describe the more modern ideas, things like black holes and the Big Bang. If kids have those ideas in mind, then at least some of them will be excited to learn all the details.”Greene has followed Albert Einsteins lead in trying to solve the mysteries of the universe. Now he wants kids to do the same. As Greene said, physics is “not just a matter of solving problems in an exam”. Its about experimenting, showing an interest in strange phenomena (现象) and having fun!语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。物理学家Brian Greene希望更多的孩子可以对现代物理学感兴趣。1A milliondollar question is probably very _.AdirectBdifficultCpersonal Dlong解析：选B细节理解题。根据第二段Greene对这个问题的解释以及他说需要未来的物理学家去解决可知，作者提出的这个问题非常难。2The books by Weinberg and Susskind _.Aare boring to readBare mainly about mathCare popular science booksDare only popular among kids解析：选C推理判断题。根据第三段的“. books by . make it a great time for people who want to learn about big ideas but arent yet ready, perhaps, to learn math”可知，Greene认为Weinberg和Susskind等物理学家写的书浅显易懂，适合普通大众阅读，故这些书属于科普读物。3According to Paragraph 4, which of the following does Greene agree with?AModern physics is a boring subject.BInterest plays an important role in studying.CIt is not necessary to learn all about physics.DIt is easy to describe black holes and the Big Bang.解析：选B推理判断题。根据第四段可知，当作者指出一些学生觉得物理无聊时，Greene说重要的是向孩子们讲述一些稀奇古怪的事，并描述一些诸如黑洞和宇宙大爆炸的现代物理现象，如果孩子们知道了这些，他们就愿意了解更多详细的内容。因此他认为兴趣在学习过程中起着非常重要的作用。4In the last paragraph, Greene hopes that _.Akids can love science and physicsBkids can do well in physics examsCkids can have fun with experimentsDkids can find more strange things in life解析：选A推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Greene has followed Albert Einsteins lead in trying to solve the mysteries of the universe. Now he wants kids to do the same.”可知，Greene希望孩子们可以像他一样对科学和物理感兴趣，去探索宇宙的奥秘。BSir John Gurdon, a British scientist, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012, said he had predicted at the time of his frog experiments that the successful cloning of a mammal would happen within 50 years, and that “maybe the same answer is appropriate” for the step to human cloning. Parents who lose children in accidents may be able to clone “copies” to replace them then.Although any attempt to clone an entire human would raise complex moral issues, the biologist claimed people would soon overcome their concerns if the technique became medically useful. Cloning was regarded with extreme doubts when it was first developed but became widely accepted after the birth of Louise Brown, the first “testtube baby”. He said, “When my first frog experiments were done, an American reporter asked how long it would be before these things could be done in mammals or humans. I said, Well, it could be anytime between 10 years and 100 years how about 50 years？ It turned out that it wasnt far off the mark as far as Dolly was concerned. Maybe the same answer is appropriate.” Sir John added that cloning a human being effectively means making an identical twin, and doctors would therefore simply be “copying what nature has already produced”The average vote on allowing parents of deceased children, who are no longer fertile (能生育的), to create another by using the mothers eggs and skin cells from the first child, thinking the technique was safe and effective, is 60 percent in favor. The reasons for “no” are usually that the new children would feel they are some sort of replacements for something.语篇解读：诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主、英国科学家约翰格登爵士称，那些在事故中失去子女的父母将能在未来50年内借助克隆技术，让他们的子女得到“重生”。5Sir John predicted the human cloning would be a reality in _ at most.Aabout 100 yearsBabout 60 yearsCabout 50 years Dabout 10 years解析：选C细节理解题。根据文章第一段可知，格登爵士表示，在未来50年内，那些在事故中失去孩子的父母将有可能通过克隆技术得到孩子的“复制品”。故选C项。6According to the text, which statement is NOT true?ALouise Brown is the first “testtube baby”BHuman cloning is still a controversial topic.CSir John is positive about the future of human cloning.DHuman cloning is creating something that didnt exist before.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“after the birth of Louise Brown, the first testtube baby”可排除A项；文章尾段说明赞成者占6成，故排除B项；根据第二段中格登爵士的话可知，他对克隆人充满了希望，故排除C项；根据第二段的尾句可知，D项表述不正确。7The underlined word “identical” probably means “_”Asame BspecialCnew Dclear解析：选A词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“twin”和文中的“doctors would therefore simply be copying what nature has already produced”可知，A项正确。8It can be inferred from the pas