Chap.2.3英汉语言区别特征(简).ppt

Chap. 2.3,English vs. Chinese: Ten pairs of Features,中英文语法上有哪些区别？,量词,时态,格,语态,英文：词与词的关系通过形态变化体现； 中文：词与词的关系通过次序或者助词体现,数,2.3.1 Synthetic vs. Analytic,综合语与分析语 要点 综合语运用形态变化来表达语法关系；分析语用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。 A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms(词形变化) to express grammatical relationships. An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words(虚词), auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations., Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional,Inflection, word order and the use of function words are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences. Inflected endings: nouns, pronouns, verbs Busbuses hehis/ him movemoved Different grammatical meanings: parts of speech, gender, number, case, person, tense, voice, mood, non-finite verbs, etc.,1 He moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishingly rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movement astonished us. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved was astonishing. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. (Jespersen 1924) 他行动迅速，令人吃惊。, word order: flexible vs. inflexible,The inflection of a language has much to do with the position of words in the sentence. The less inflective a language, the more rigid the word order. Hence word order in English is not so rigid as in Chinese.,inversion,(1) interrogative inversion 疑问倒装 What in the world do you mean? (2) imperative inversion 命令倒装 Come you! (3) exclamatory inversion 惊叹倒装 What a beautiful voice you have! (4) hypothetical inversion 假设倒装 A pair of black eyes might have done some execution had they been placed in a smoother face. (5) balance inversion 平衡倒装 Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that she had disappeared. (6) link inversion 衔接倒装 Such are the rewards that always crown virtue. (7) negative inversion 否定倒装 Not a finger did I lay on him.,英语的词序够灵活吧？！, use of function words: English and Chinese Make Use of Different Types of Function Words,English function words include the articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, coordinators(并列连接词), and subordinators (从属连接词), while Chinese function words include particles (助词，语气词), connectives and prepositions. Each has its own features in the use of these words.,Example: English articles,1 She was with a child. She was with child. 2 They are students of our school. They are the students of our school. 3 I have lived here for more than a year. I have lived here for more than one year. 4 Please take a chair. He took the chair today. He took the chair of the committee.,Chinese particles,1 aspect particles(动态助词): 着，了，过 2 structural particles(结构助词)：的，地，得 3 emotional particles(语气助词)：吗，呢，吧 如：你啊，老这样下去可不行！ 这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。 打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。, intonation vs. tone(语调和声调),English is an intonation language while Chinese is a tone language. Eg: You are going to buy that house.( , ) One of the important features in modern Chinese is the predominance of disyllables and quadrisyllables (双音节化和四音节化), thus the duplication of characters, repetition of words, four-character expressions and so on have become popular Chinese grammatical and rhetorical devices.,It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silence of bee and flowers and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.,绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地静谧，这日子是如此万籁俱寂。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其适宜的时刻，特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或振，或起，或伏。,2.3.2 rigid vs. supple,刚性与柔性 要点 英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范；汉语主谓结构具有多样性、复杂性和灵活性。,English sentence structure is composed of noun phrase and verb phrase. A sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete. The subject must agree with the predicate verb in person and number, etc. This rigid S-V concord (主谓协调一致) forms the kernel of a sentence. Five basic English patterns: 1 S V (主谓) 2 S V P (主系表) 3 S V O (主谓宾) 4 S V o O (主谓间接宾语直接宾语) 5 S V O C (主谓宾宾补),Chinese, however, is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal markers. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible and thus complicated and supple. 例：subject: 1 文章翻译完了。（受事主语） 2 全市到处在兴建新工厂。（地点主语） 3 累得我站不起来了。（无主句） Predicate: 1 天高云淡。（形容词做谓语） 2 她出国留学去了。（连动式谓语） 3 我介绍他加入协会。（兼语式谓语） 4 这项合同经理要签名。（主谓词组做谓语）,Various English Cohesive ties,*relatives: who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how *connectives: and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, eitheror,while, until, sothat, unless, lest Eg: 1 All was clear up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 过了些时候，从远方传来消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。,2.3.3 hypotactic vs. paratactic(形合与意合),要点 英语重形合，句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系；汉语重意合，词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。 Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you dont come. English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis. Parataxis is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis.,Parataxis in Chinese,1、人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 2、抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解了。 Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. 3、聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 4、有饭大家吃。 Let everybody share the food if there is any. 5、不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies.,2.3.4 complex vs. simplex(繁复与简短),要点 从属结构是现代英语最重要的特点之一，英语句子偏长，平均长度为20到25个词；汉语常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式的复句，以中短句居多，最佳长度为7到12字。,1 In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。 门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的伞。 2 Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? 我有个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？ 你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？,2.3.5 Impersonal vs. personal 要点 英语较常用物称表达法，以体现客观；汉语注重主体思维，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，重人称。,Formal written English often goes with an impersonal style, in which the writer does not refer directly to himself or his readers, but avoids the pronouns I, we, you. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passive, sentences beginning with introductory “it” and abstract nouns as subjects. Chinese, by the contrast, prefers to use a personal style, which is featured but much more actives or active in form but passives in sense, personal subjects or subjectless sentences when the subject is self-evident, unknown or implied in the context.,*As a result of the above difference, the conversion of English impersonal subjects into Chinese personal subjects and English passives into Chinese actives is often employed in translation.,1 An idea suddenly struck me. 2 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 3 Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 4 The happinessthe superior advantages of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.,2.3.6 Passive vs. Active,Passives of various forms are frequently used in English. The passive voice allows one to express ideas without attributing them to a specific individual source. That is why it is widely used in government communications, in which decisions and opinions are presumed to be those of the bureau or agency as a whole and not of individual officials. (it is directed that; it is the opinion of the firm) By contrast, active forms, including those in passive sense, are often used in Chinese. The use of passive forms marked by “被，让，叫，挨，受，遭，蒙” is really limited. Do you know why?,Notional passives in Chinese -active in form but passive in sense,1 一匹马骑两个人。 Two people rode one horse. 2 这锅饭能吃十个人。 A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people. 3 昨晚我盖了两条被子。 Last night I was covered up with two quilts.,(2)subjectless or subject-omitted sentences when the subject is self-evident, unknown or implied in context,1 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured. 2 注意看看信的地址是否写对了。 Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.,(3)Using generic persons (通称、泛称如有人，人们，大家) as subjects,1 有人听见呼救的声音。 Voices were heard calling for help. 2 众所周知，中国人在两千年前就发明了指南针。 It is well known that the compass was invented in China more than 2000 years ago.,（4）using “executive form” (把字句),1 1964年中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，把基辛格吓了一跳。 Kissinger was alarmed by Chinas first atomic blast in 1964.,2.3.7 Static vs. Dynamic,静态与动态 要点 英语多用名词，叙述呈静态；汉语多用动词，叙述呈动态。 English makes more use of nouns, adjectives, and prepositions, and is therefore more static. Conversely, Chinese often employs verbs, adverbs, verbal phrases, repetition and reduplication of verbs, and is therefore more dynamic. Compare the English sentences with the Chinese versions:,2.3.7 Static vs. Dynamic,The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere. 他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权，因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。,2.3.7 Static vs. Dynamic,As a result of the above difference, the conversion of the English nominal style (名词化表达法) into the Chinese verbal style (动词化表达法), e.g. English nouns converted into Chinese verbs, adjectives into adverbs, prepositions into verbs, etc., is often employed in translation: He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。 I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 过去我常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。,2.3.7 Static vs. Dynamic,He has someone behind him. 有人给他撑腰。 Fords first pledge was, “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.” 福特一开始就保证说：“总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您。”,2.3.8 Abstract vs. Concrete,In English, nominalization often results in abstraction. He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation. 他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。 I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. (N. Rigg) 雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。,2.3.8 Abstract vs. Concrete,He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. (B. Barnhart) 在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。 High blood pressure is a contraindication for this drug. 高血压患者忌服此药。,2.3.9 Indirect vs. Direct,The wider use of such devices as euphemism, understatement, litotes, indirect negation, periphrasis as well as he impersonal style and abstract diction makes English more indirect than Chinese. Euphemism(委婉) (1) sanitary engineer (= garbage man) 垃圾清洁工 (2) meat technologist (= butcher)屠户,2.3.9 Indirect vs. Direct,(3) human resources underdevelopment / underutilization (= unemployment) 失业现象 (4) to show difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material (= lies) 撒谎,2.3.9 Indirect vs. Direct,Understatement(克制陈述) A statement which is not strong enough to express the full or true facts or feelings, i.e. makes big things seem trifle, particularly common in English, is known as understatement. I have a little house in the country. Yes, I dont play too badly., litotes 间接肯定,Litotes is a way of expressing a thought by its opposite, esp. with “not” as in “not bad” (=good), and “no small” (=great). Chinese has similar litotes as “未尝不可” ，“难免错误”，“不虚此行”，“不无遗憾”，but prefers to use direct affirmatives for the English litotes. 1 To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire. 我发现房子着了火，大吃一惊。 2 It serves no little purpose to continue public discussion of this issue. 继续公开讨论这一问题是大有用处的。 3 I couldnt feel better. 我觉得身体好极了。, Indirect negation 间接否定,A strange feature of the syntax of subordination in colloquial English is the transfer of the negative from a subordinate that-clause, where semantically it belongs, to the main clause. I dont think he will come. I think he will not come.,1 We dont believe that the two boxers are well-matched. 2 I dont think we can or should remain indifferent to it. 3 It is not our opinion that your proposed contract is practical. 4 You should have come at a better time. 5 As if anyone would believe that story. 6 I will see you dead before I accept your terms.,翻译练习, tactful implication婉转暗示,1 It can be worse. 2 you are late for the las