如何写好主题句和扩展句.ppt

段落(设计好一个段落) 一般说来, 一个段落由三部分组成: 主题句,扩展句和结论句.主题句提出的论述的主题, 扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说明,结论句总结全文,在论证的基础上得出结论. 这三者是段落的必要成分,他们相辅相成,构成一个完整的段落. 有些段落还有过渡句,它起到段与段之间的顺利过渡.,1.主题句 1) 主题句的位置 : 请找出段落的主题句 Smoking is harmful to your health. Experiment show that smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious disease cancer, smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it gives one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?,Albert Einstein, one of the worlds greatest scientists, failed in his university entrance exam on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of Americas famous writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, was very poor in English during middle school. These few examples show that school does not always predict failure in life.,Karaok, which was invented by a Japanese, one of the greatest wonders of modern technology. Needless to say, Karaok is a good way of rest. You can learn a new song easily. Its also a good way to make your friends happy. Nearly every body has a chance to be a singing star. However, everything has two sides, so does Karaok. Its noisy to your neighbors. Besides, if you sing badly, they will feel uncomfortable. In fact, you are sure to make a sound pollution,2)写好主题句, 有两条原则 1.主题句要明确, 句中须有一个词,词组,或从句让读者一目了然本段的确切主题, 明确本段的重点或观点. 例如: This paragraph will talk about birds.这句作为主题句就太笼统, 不确切. 试比较以下几句, 下列几个主题句就确切地阐明了段落的主题: a. Birds have a great sense of direction. b. Pet owners prefer certain species of birds. c. In my opinion, a bird makes a better pet than a cat does. d. Birds are suffering from air-pollution.,2.主题句要概括, 它陈述你要说明的重点和观点,句中必须包含有可扩展主题的词,词组或从句. 他应该是你将进一步表明你的态度和看法的概括. 同时, 主题句有利于控制作者本人的主题的扩展. 例如: The young girl studied Chinese History. 该主题句未能概括主题的要点,则不利于下面的扩展. 最好增添一个词或一个短语来修改这个句子,以便顺利地展开你的主题. 例如: a. The young girl eagerly studied Chinese History. b. The young girl studied Chinese History under a famous historian. c. The young girl found three reasons for studying Chinese History.,2. 下面各段没有主题句,请根据全段内容拟定一个主题句. 1) _. For example teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is very difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that sills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at shop. Everyone has something to sell.,Everyone lives by selling something.,2) _. Before entering a house in Japan, it is a good manner to take off your shoes. In European countries even though shoes sometimes become very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little to show that he has had enough. In a Malaysian house, too, a guest leaves a little food. In England, a guest always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it. It seems that manners in different countries are never the same.,Different countries and different races have different manners.,3) _. Fire can heat water, cook, give out light and keep your house warm. Sometimes, however, big fires can burn down houses and forests. For example, the big fire caused by Yuanming Palace, a famous palace in Qing Dynasty, ruined completely. So we must be very careful with matches, burning cigarettes, faulty electric appliances or unquenched(未扑灭的) fires,Be careful with fire because it does not always do us good.,扩展句,扩展句的作用是丰富,支持,扩展主题句的内涵. 他们是段落的血和肉. 扩展句的表达形式是多种多样的, 可以按时间或空间顺序, 从整体到局部从局部到整体的方法叙述,描写, 说明或议论, 也可用比较,对比, 比喻, 推导,归纳,演绎的手段来展现.,单一性: 一个段落只说明一个问题, 讲述一件事, 扩展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句, 不偏离中心思想.,通常对扩展句的要求有两个 : 单一性和连贯性,找出一个违背单一性的句子. China has made great progress in reducing its population growth. China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. It is wrong of the western governments to find fault with its policies of elimination of poverty. China now urges each family to have no more than one child. And it hopes to reach zero population growth, the number of birth equaling the number of death, by the year 2000.,连贯性: 段落中各扩展句前后衔接,条理清楚,合乎逻辑, 使读者很容易抓住段落的中心思想.,在议论文中, 我们常会谈到首先, 其次, 然后, 该如何表达? 1)first, second, third, last 2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 3)the first, the second, the third, the last 4)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally 5)to start with, next, in addition,/besides, last but not least 6)on the one hand, on the other hand 7)for one thing, for another thing,练习:根据所给的主题句和提示, 写好段落的扩展句,(1) 主题句: How excited we were when we learned that we were going to have a spring hour. afterdiscussionagreeclimbout of the city weoften pass by mountainthe first timethink ofclimb it set outearlymorning aboutan hourbegintiredstill a long waygo short breakgo onclimb lunch timeget to the topmountain our beautiful citybelow ushappyvery tired 结尾句: It proves that many things are just like climbing a mountain; they look attractive, but they are not easy to do.,参考答案:,(1) After a heated discussion we agreed to climb the mountain outside the city. We had passed by the mountain when we were taking a bus out of the city, but it was the first time we had thought of climbing it. We started early in the morning. About an hour later, we began to feel tired, but there was still a long way to go. We took a short break and then went on climbing. Not until lunch time did we get to the top of the mountain. At sight of our beautiful city below us， we felt happy though we were tired out.,练习:根据所给的主题句和提示, 写好段落的扩展句,(2) 主题句: He was kind and shy before a group of naughty girls, but he was very strict in his teaching and with our students. teach usa lot in knowledgeas well as in morality I remembermy final exam Have an idealook in dictionarysecretly Unfortunatelydiscoversave my face After examcallto his officemy heartbeat fast Instead of scoldingsay kindlyadvisedo goodmovedtears 18 yearspasskeepremind mestudy hardhonest,参考答案:,(2) He taught us a lot in knowledge as well as in morality. I remember the time of my final examination. I had the idea of looking in my dictionary secretly. Unfortunately, my secret was discovered by him and he said nothing to save my face. After the examination, I was called to his office. My heart was beating fast. Instead of scolding, he talked kindly to me and advised me to do good.I was moved to tears. Eighteen years has passed, but the lesson remains deep in my memory and always reminds me to study hard and keep honest.,结论句,结论句并非必不可少, 但它能起到以下的作用: (1) 表示段落的结束 (2) 总结要点,与主题句相呼应 (3) 供读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有个深刻的印象或进行思考,结论句:(推荐),1. (主题句:Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless.) 结尾句: How important it is to read good books! 2.(主题句:Books are full of knowledge and wisdom.) 结尾句: Why shouldnt we read more books to