铣刀头座体零件工艺及工装设计【精镗夹具+三面钻夹具】【24张图纸】【优秀】

铣刀头座体零件工艺及工装设计【精镗夹具+三面钻夹具】41页 17000字数+说明书+任务书+开题报告+24张CAD图纸【详情如下】任务书.doc外文翻译-数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策.doc尾座机械加工工艺卡 2.doc尾座机械加工工艺工序卡.doc尾座机械加工工艺过程卡片 2.doc尾座零件 Model (1).pdf尾座零件 Model (2).pdf尾座零件 Model (3).pdf尾座零件 Model (4).pdf尾座零件 Model (5).pdf尾座零件 Model (6).pdf尾座零件 Model (7).pdf尾座零件所有CAD图24张.dwg计划周记进度检查表.xls论文相关资料.doc铣刀头座体零件工艺及工装设计开题报告.doc铣刀头座体零件工艺及工装设计论文.doc摘要铣刀头座体是铣床加工的重要组成元件之一，它的制造工艺对铣削加工的尺寸精度有显著的影响。本课题的目的是对铣床的铣刀头座体的机械制造工艺及夹具设计。在第一部分的制造工艺设计中，主要的工作是铣刀头座体的毛坯件的铸造，加工工艺路线的设定，机件的工艺查阅和计算，编制主要的工艺文件。铣刀头座体的夹具设计是这次课题的重要的部分，也是本次课题的难点分，夹具的设计主要是铣刀头的定位和夹紧。主要会影响加工元件的尺寸精度和位置精度。在本次课题中主要采用的是不完全定位方式，这种通用的定位方式的夹具的结构比较简单，并且有良好的定位的稳定性。夹紧机构主要采用螺旋式，这种结构的构成比较简单，自锁性能好，可靠性能高。在确定夹紧方式后绘出主要的零件图和装配图。关键词：铣床；铣刀头座体；制造工艺；夹具设计目录摘要IIIABSTRACT.IV目录.V1 绪论.1 1.1 课题背景.1 1.1.1铣刀头座体的概述.1 1.1.2铣刀头的现状和发展趋势.1 1.1.3铣刀的分类.1 1.1.4铣刀的结构和构成.21.1.5夹具的现状及发展趋势.2 1.2 本设计的内容及目的32 铣刀头座体的机械加工工艺规程设计.5 2.1 铣刀头座体的工艺分析及生产类型确定5 2.1.1 铣刀头座体的工艺分析.5 2.1.2 铣刀头座体的生产类型.6 2.2 确定毛坯的制造类型6 2.3 基准的选择6 2.3.1 粗基准的选择.6 2.3.2 精基准的选择.7 2.4 零件表面加工方法的确定7 2.5 工艺路线的制定与分析7 2.5.1 工艺路线的拟定.7 2.5.2 工艺方案的分析与确定.8 2.6 机械加工余量、毛坯工序尺寸的确定102.6.1 孔的加工余量.10 2.6.2 平面的加工余量.10 2.6.3 切削用量及工时的计算.113 铣刀头座体专用夹具设计.23 3.1 夹具设计的原则和要求23 3.1.1 夹具设计的要求.23 3.1.2 六点定位原则.23 3.2 镗夹具的设计24 3.2.1 确定定位方案.24 3.2.2 设计夹紧机构.243.2.3 夹紧力的计算.253.3.4 确定镗夹具总体结构和尺寸.253.3.5 使用说明.26 3.3 钻孔夹具的设计27 3.3.1 定位基准的选择.27 3.3.2 切削力和夹紧力的计算.273.3.3 定位误差分析.273.3.4 确定定位方案.283.3.5 设计夹紧机构.283.3.6 确定钻夹具总体结构和尺寸.283.3.7 使用说明.294 结论与展望.31 4.1 结论31 4.2 不足之处与展望31致谢.32参考文献.331 绪论1.1 课题背景 1.1.1 铣刀头座体的概述铣刀头座体是一种用于大件切削的机床附件，如装在龙门铣床上进行铣削加工。铣刀装在铣刀盘上，铣刀盘通过键与轴连接，当动力通过V 带传给带轮，经键传到轴，即可带动铣刀盘转动，对零件进行铣削加工。基础件座体，两端由圆锥滚子轴承支撑轴，轴承外测有轴承盖；左边带轮为动力输入端，带轮和轴由键连接，带轮的左侧有销、挡圈、螺钉实现定位和紧固。 1.1.2 铣刀头的现状和发展趋势一、铣床是一种用途广泛的机床，在铣床上可以加工平面（水平面、垂直面）、沟槽（键槽、T 形槽、燕尾槽等）、分齿零件（齿轮、花键轴、链轮乖、螺旋形表面（螺纹、螺旋槽）及各种曲面。此外，还可用于对回转体表面、内孔加工及进行切断工作等。铣床在工作时，工件装在工作台上或分度头等附件上，铣刀旋转为主运动，辅以工作台或铣头的进给运动，工件即可获得所需的加工表面。由于是多刀断续切削，因而铣床的生产率较高。用铣刀对工件进行铣削加工的机床。铣床除能铣削平面、沟槽、轮齿、螺纹和花键轴外，还能加工比较复杂的型面，效率较刨床高，在机械制造和修理部门得到广泛应用。二、铣床最早是由美国人E.惠特尼于1818年创制的卧式铣床。为了铣削麻花钻头的螺旋槽，美国人J.R.布朗于1862年创制了第一台万能铣床，是为升降台铣床的雏形。1884年前后出现了龙门铣床。20世纪20年代出现了半自动铣床，工作台利用挡块可完成“进给-快速”或“快速-进给”的自动转换。1950年以后，铣床在控制系统方面发展很快，数字控制的应用大大提高了铣床的自动化程度。尤其是70年代以后，微处理机的数字控制系统和自动换刀系统在铣床上得到应用，扩大了铣床的加工范围，提高了加工精度与效率。三、随着机械化进程不断加剧，数控编程开始广泛应用与于机床类操作，极大的释放了劳动力。数控编程铣床将逐步取代现在的人工操作。对员工要求也会越来越高，当然带来的效率也越来越高。进入21世纪，军事技术和民用工业的发展对数控机床的要求越来越高，应用现代设计技术、测量技术、工序集约化、新一代功能部件以及软件技术，使数控机床的加工范围、动态性能、加工精度和可靠性有了极大地提高。科学技术特别是信息技术的发展迅速，高速高精控制技术、多通道开放式体系结构、多轴控制技术、智能控制技术、网络化技术、CAD/CAM 与CNC 的综合集成，使数控机床技术进入了智能化、网络化、敏捷制造、虚拟制造的更高阶段。 1.1.3 铣刀的分类圆柱形铣刀:用于卧式铣床上加工平面。刀齿分布在铣刀的圆周上,按齿形分为直齿和螺旋齿两种。按齿数分粗齿和细齿两种。螺旋齿粗齿铣刀齿数少,刀齿强度高,容屑空间大,适用于粗加工;细齿铣刀适用于精加工。面铣刀:用于立式铣床、端面铣床或龙门铣床上加工平面端面和圆周上均有刀齿也有粗齿和细齿之分。其结构有整体式、镶齿式和可转位式3 种。立铣刀:用于加工沟槽和台阶面等,刀齿在圆周和端面上,工作时不能沿轴向进给。当立铣刀上有通过中心的端齿时可轴向进给。三面刃铣刀:用于加工各种沟槽和台阶面其两侧面和圆周上均有刀齿。角度铣刀:用于铣削成一定角度的沟槽,有单角和双角铣刀两种。锯片铣刀:用于加工深槽和切断工件,其圆周上有较多的刀齿。为了减少铣切时的摩擦刀齿两侧有151°的副偏角。此外还有键槽铣刀、燕尾槽铣刀、T 形槽铣刀和各种成形铣刀等。 1.1.4 铣刀的结构和构成分为4种：整体式:刀体和刀齿制成一体。整体焊齿式:刀齿用硬质合金或其他耐磨刀具材料制成并钎焊在刀体上。镶齿式:刀齿用机械夹固的方法紧固在刀体上。这种可换的刀齿可以是整体刀具材料的刀头也可以是焊接刀具材料的刀头。刀头装在刀体上刃磨的铣刀称为体内刃磨式;刀头在夹具上单独刃磨的称为体外刃磨式。可转位式(见可转位刀具):这种结构已广泛用于面铣刀、立铣刀和三面刃铣刀等。铣刀头是由座体、轴、皮带轮、端盖、调整片等五种非标准件和轴承、螺钉、平键、毛毡等四个标准件组成。铣刀装在铣刀盘上，铣刀盘通过键与轴连接，当动力通过V带传给带轮，经键传到轴，即可带动铣刀盘转动，对零件进行铣削加工。基础件座体，两端由圆锥滚子轴承支撑轴，轴承外测有轴承盖；左边带轮为动力输入端，带轮和轴由键连接，带轮的左侧有销、挡圈、螺钉实现定位和紧固；轴的右边动力输出给铣刀盘，刀盘带动铣刀切削，轴与刀盘由键连接，挡圈、垫圈、螺钉把刀盘与轴紧固住。 1.1.5 夹具的现状及发展趋势夹具是机械加工不可缺少的部件，夹具是在产品加工过程中，保持产品零部件和加工工具的相对位置。从而保证了最终产品技术要求中的位置精度。由于不同的工艺过程中使用不同的夹具，各类夹具中以机床夹具发展最早、最成熟、精度要求最高。在各类夹具中比重最大。夹具可以分为一下几类：1.专用机床这类夹具是针对某一工件的莫一工序而专门设计的，因其用途专一而设计而得名。2.通用夹具如机床上常用的三爪自定心卡盘、四爪单动卡盘、顶尖，铣床上常用的平口钳、分度头、回转工作台等均属于此类夹具。该夹具由于具有较大的通用性，故得其名。通用夹具一般已经标注化，并由专业工厂生产，常作为机床的标准附件提供给用户。

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关键词：: 铣刀头座零件工艺工装设计夹具三面钻 24 图纸优秀优良

资源描述：

铣刀头座体零件工艺及工装设计【精镗夹具+三面钻夹具】

41页 17000字数+说明书+任务书+开题报告+24张CAD图纸【详情如下】

任务书.doc

外文翻译--数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策.doc

尾座机械加工工艺卡 2.doc

尾座机械加工工艺工序卡.doc

尾座机械加工工艺过程卡片 2.doc

尾座零件 Model (1).pdf

尾座零件 Model (2).pdf

尾座零件 Model (3).pdf

尾座零件 Model (4).pdf

尾座零件 Model (5).pdf

尾座零件 Model (6).pdf

尾座零件 Model (7).pdf

尾座零件所有CAD图24张.dwg

计划周记进度检查表.xls

论文相关资料.doc

铣刀头座体零件工艺及工装设计开题报告.doc

铣刀头座体零件工艺及工装设计论文.doc

摘要

铣刀头座体是铣床加工的重要组成元件之一，它的制造工艺对铣削加工的尺寸精度有显著的影响。本课题的目的是对铣床的铣刀头座体的机械制造工艺及夹具设计。在第一部分的制造工艺设计中，主要的工作是铣刀头座体的毛坯件的铸造，加工工艺路线的设定，机件的工艺查阅和计算，编制主要的工艺文件。

铣刀头座体的夹具设计是这次课题的重要的部分，也是本次课题的难点分，夹具的设计主要是铣刀头的定位和夹紧。主要会影响加工元件的尺寸精度和位置精度。在本次课题中主要采用的是不完全定位方式，这种通用的定位方式的夹具的结构比较简单，并且有良好的定位的稳定性。夹紧机构主要采用螺旋式，这种结构的构成比较简单，自锁性能好，可靠性能高。在确定夹紧方式后绘出主要的零件图和装配图。

关键词：铣床；铣刀头座体；制造工艺；夹具设计

摘要III

ABSTRACT.IV

目录.V

1 绪论.1

1.1 课题背景.1

1.1.1铣刀头座体的概述.1

1.1.2铣刀头的现状和发展趋势.1

1.1.3铣刀的分类.1

1.1.4铣刀的结构和构成.2

　　　1.1.5夹具的现状及发展趋势.2

1.2 本设计的内容及目的3

2 铣刀头座体的机械加工工艺规程设计.5

2.1 铣刀头座体的工艺分析及生产类型确定5

2.1.1 铣刀头座体的工艺分析.5

2.1.2 铣刀头座体的生产类型.6

2.2 确定毛坯的制造类型6

2.3 基准的选择6

2.3.1 粗基准的选择.6

2.3.2 精基准的选择.7

2.4 零件表面加工方法的确定7

2.5 工艺路线的制定与分析7

2.5.1 工艺路线的拟定.7

2.5.2 工艺方案的分析与确定.8

2.6 机械加工余量、毛坯工序尺寸的确定10

　　　2.6.1 孔的加工余量.10

　　　2.6.2 平面的加工余量.10

2.6.3 切削用量及工时的计算.11

3 铣刀头座体专用夹具设计.23

3.1 夹具设计的原则和要求23

3.1.1 夹具设计的要求.23

3.1.2 六点定位原则.23

3.2 镗夹具的设计24

3.2.1 确定定位方案.24

3.2.2 设计夹紧机构.24

　　　3.2.3 夹紧力的计算.25

　　　3.3.4 确定镗夹具总体结构和尺寸.25

　　　3.3.5 使用说明.26

3.3 钻孔夹具的设计27

3.3.1 定位基准的选择.27

3.3.2 切削力和夹紧力的计算.27

　　　3.3.3 定位误差分析.27

　　　3.3.4 确定定位方案.28

　　　3.3.5 设计夹紧机构.28

　　　3.3.6 确定钻夹具总体结构和尺寸.28

　　　3.3.7 使用说明.29

4 结论与展望.31

4.1 结论31

4.2 不足之处与展望31

致谢.32

参考文献.33

1 绪论

1.1 课题背景

1.1.1 铣刀头座体的概述

铣刀头座体是一种用于大件切削的机床附件，如装在龙门铣床上进行铣削加工。铣刀装在铣刀盘上，铣刀盘通过键与轴连接，当动力通过V 带传给带轮，经键传到轴，即可带动铣刀盘转动，对零件进行铣削加工。基础件座体，两端由圆锥滚子轴承支撑轴，轴承外测有轴承盖；左边带轮为动力输入端，带轮和轴由键连接，带轮的左侧有销、挡圈、螺钉实现定位和紧固。

1.1.2 铣刀头的现状和发展趋势

一、铣床是一种用途广泛的机床，在铣床上可以加工平面（水平面、垂直面）、沟槽（键槽、T 形槽、燕尾槽等）、分齿零件（齿轮、花键轴、链轮乖、螺旋形表面（螺纹、螺旋槽）及各种曲面。此外，还可用于对回转体表面、内孔加工及进行切断工作等。铣床在工作时，工件装在工作台上或分度头等附件上，铣刀旋转为主运动，辅以工作台或铣头的进给运动，工件即可获得所需的加工表面。由于是多刀断续切削，因而铣床的生产率较高。用铣刀对工件进行铣削加工的机床。铣床除能铣削平面、沟槽、轮齿、螺纹和花键轴外，还能加工比较复杂的型面，效率较刨床高，在机械制造和修理部门得到广泛应用。

二、铣床最早是由美国人E.惠特尼于1818年创制的卧式铣床。为了铣削麻花钻头的螺旋槽，美国人J.R.布朗于1862年创制了第一台万能铣床，是为升降台铣床的雏形。1884年前后出现了龙门铣床。20世纪20年代出现了半自动铣床，工作台利用挡块可完成“进给-快速”或“快速-进给”的自动转换。1950年以后，铣床在控制系统方面发展很快，数字控制的应用大大提高了铣床的自动化程度。尤其是70年代以后，微处理机的数字控制系统和自动换刀系统在铣床上得到应用，扩大了铣床的加工范围，提高了加工精度与效率。

三、随着机械化进程不断加剧，数控编程开始广泛应用与于机床类操作，极大的释放了劳动力。数控编程铣床将逐步取代现在的人工操作。对员工要求也会越来越高，当然带来的效率也越来越高。进入21世纪，军事技术和民用工业的发展对数控机床的要求越来越高，应用现代设计技术、测量技术、工序集约化、新一代功能部件以及软件技术，使数控机床的加工范围、动态性能、加工精度和可靠性有了极大地提高。科学技术特别是信息技术的发展迅速，高速高精控制技术、多通道开放式体系结构、多轴控制技术、智能控制技术、网络化技术、CAD/CAM 与CNC 的综合集成，使数控机床技术进入了智能化、网络化、敏捷制造、虚拟制造的更高阶段。

1.1.3 铣刀的分类

①圆柱形铣刀:用于卧式铣床上加工平面。刀齿分布在铣刀的圆周上,按齿形分为直齿和螺旋齿两种。按齿数分粗齿和细齿两种。螺旋齿粗齿铣刀齿数少,刀齿强度高,容屑空间大,适用于粗加工;细齿铣刀适用于精加工。

②面铣刀:用于立式铣床、端面铣床或龙门铣床上加工平面端面和圆周上均有刀齿也有粗齿和细齿之分。其结构有整体式、镶齿式和可转位式3 种。

③立铣刀:用于加工沟槽和台阶面等,刀齿在圆周和端面上,工作时不能沿轴向进给。当立铣刀上有通过中心的端齿时可轴向进给。

④三面刃铣刀:用于加工各种沟槽和台阶面其两侧面和圆周上均有刀齿。

⑤角度铣刀:用于铣削成一定角度的沟槽,有单角和双角铣刀两种。

⑥锯片铣刀:用于加工深槽和切断工件,其圆周上有较多的刀齿。为了减少铣切时的摩擦刀齿两侧有15′~1°的副偏角。此外还有键槽铣刀、燕尾槽铣刀、T 形槽铣刀和各种成形铣刀等。

1.1.4 铣刀的结构和构成

分为4种：①整体式:刀体和刀齿制成一体。②整体焊齿式:刀齿用硬质合金或其他耐磨刀具材料制成并钎焊在刀体上。③镶齿式:刀齿用机械夹固的方法紧固在刀体上。这种可换的刀齿可以是整体刀具材料的刀头也可以是焊接刀具材料的刀头。刀头装在刀体上刃磨的铣刀称为体内刃磨式;刀头在夹具上单独刃磨的称为体外刃磨式。④可转位式(见可转位刀具):这种结构已广泛用于面铣刀、立铣刀和三面刃铣刀等。

铣刀头是由座体、轴、皮带轮、端盖、调整片等五种非标准件和轴承、螺钉、平键、毛毡等四个标准件组成。铣刀装在铣刀盘上，铣刀盘通过键与轴连接，当动力通过V带传给带轮，经键传到轴，即可带动铣刀盘转动，对零件进行铣削加工。基础件座体，两端由圆锥滚子轴承支撑轴，轴承外测有轴承盖；左边带轮为动力输入端，带轮和轴由键连接，带轮的左侧有销、挡圈、螺钉实现定位和紧固；轴的右边动力输出给铣刀盘，刀盘带动铣刀切削，轴与刀盘由键连接，挡圈、垫圈、螺钉把刀盘与轴紧固住。

1.1.5 夹具的现状及发展趋势

夹具是机械加工不可缺少的部件，夹具是在产品加工过程中，保持产品零部件和加工工具的相对位置。从而保证了最终产品技术要求中的位置精度。由于不同的工艺过程中使用不同的夹具，各类夹具中以机床夹具发展最早、最成熟、精度要求最高。在各类夹具中比重最大。夹具可以分为一下几类：

1.专用机床这类夹具是针对某一工件的莫一工序而专门设计的，因其用途专一而设计而得名。

2.通用夹具如机床上常用的三爪自定心卡盘、四爪单动卡盘、顶尖，铣床上常用的平口钳、分度头、回转工作台等均属于此类夹具。该夹具由于具有较大的通用性，故得其名。通用夹具一般已经标注化，并由专业工厂生产，常作为机床的标准附件提供给用户。

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内容简介：: 无锡太湖学院信机系机械工程及自动化专业毕业设计论文任务书一、题目及专题：1、题目铣刀头座体零件工艺及工装设计 2、专题二、课题来源及选题依据机械制造工艺技术是人类在生产实践中产生并不断发展的。其涉及的内容十分广泛，包括零件的毛坯制造、机械加工及热处理和产品的装配等，要在满足质量要求的前提下，不断提高劳动生产率和降低成本。以优质、高效、低耗的工艺去完成零件的加工的工艺才是合理的和先进的工艺。本课题来自某机床厂的成熟产品，旨在培养学生解决工程实际问题的能力，达到学以致用的目的。 3、本设计（论文或其他）应达到的要求：抄画零件图及绘制毛坯-零件综合图各一张；编制机加工工艺文件；绘制80K7孔镗夹具装配图及全套夹具非标准零件图；绘制6-M8孔钻夹具装配图及全套非标准零件图；编写设计说明书（30页）；翻译8000字以上外文印刷字符或译出4000汉字以上的有关技术资料或业文献。四、接受任务学生：机械92 班姓名许晓峰五、开始及完成日期：自2012年11月12日至2013年5月25日六、设计（论文）指导（或顾问）：指导教师签名签名签名教研室主任学科组组长研究所所长签名系主任签名2012年11月12日英文原文Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasure Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor . Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop ones own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc. Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the peoples livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equipped The efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank pay empty make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5m up to from 10m already, accurate grades of machining center from 35m, rise to 11.5m, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01m). In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly. 1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research. The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, Cyber Production Center that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits IT plaza (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000. 1.4.2 About the numerical control standard The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he cant meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technologys needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information. The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly. At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present. 2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During Sixth Five-Year Plan Period , the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period of the country in second stage and earlier stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period , namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period on the later stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for the Ninth Five-Year Plan , the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular). Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements. （1） Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized. （2） Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of the spaceflight etc. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically. （3） Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talents basic team. Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level. （1） On the engineering level, in probably backward 10-1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology. （2） On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; Ones own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence. （3） On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology, project ability is relatively weak to the competition; It is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research, formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind. It is analyzed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect. （1） Realize the respect. Know to industrys process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling, system, etc. to the unstandard, foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to analyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. （2） System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue, consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one, industry chain in terms of technology; Have not set up related system, perfect training , service network of intact high quality ,etc. and supported the system. （3） Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technological route from innovating again, products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning, has often planned the ideal, implement the difficulty. （4） Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent; the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study. 3 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country 3.1 Strategic consideration Our country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try ones best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advanced, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and leave the core spaces . We regard resource, environment , market as the cost, it is only an international machining center in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and assemble the centre , but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously. We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industrys question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the peoples living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from national defense security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, Toshiba incident and Cox Report is the best illustration. 3.2 Development tactics Proceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development . Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine, high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe, digitized machinery of model, key industry key equipment, etc.) drive the development of the numerical control industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery, high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip, etc.) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale; Certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up ones head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.In equiping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of the end user, regard drawing, using, selling as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country. Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country, sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry. 中文译文数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外，世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之，大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术，数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品，即所谓的数字化装备，其技术范围覆盖很多领域：(1)机械制造技术；(2)信息处理、加工、传输技术；(3)自动控制技术；(4)伺服驱动技术；(5)传感器技术；(6)软件技术等。1. 数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业（IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看，其主要研究热点有以下几个方面14。 1.1 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（CIRP）将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。在轿车工业领域，年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆，而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域，其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋，刚度很差，材料为铝或铝合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下，才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。从EMO2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min，甚至更高，空运行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂，包括我国的上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大达60m/min，快速为100m/min，加速度达2g，主轴转速已达60 000r/min。加工一个薄壁飞机零件，只用30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h，在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达120000r/mm和1g。在加工精度方面，近10年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10m提高到5m，精密级加工中心则从35m，提高到11.5m，并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01m)。在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6 000h以上，伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展，应用领域进一步扩大。 1.2 五轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时，5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因，其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍，加之编程技术难度较大，制约了5轴联动机床的发展。当前由于电主轴的出现，使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化，其制造难度和成本大幅度降低，数控系统的价格差距缩小。因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床（含5面加工机床）的发展。在EMO2001展会上，新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头，可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现，还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。德国DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次装夹下实现5面加工和5轴联动加工，可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接或间接控制。 1.3 智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势 21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统，智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化，如加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等。为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究，如美国的NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control)、欧共体的OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、日本的OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)，中国的ONC(Open Numerical Control System)等。数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终用户，通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象（数控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。网络化数控装备是近两年国际著名机床博览会的一个新亮点。数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元。国内外一些著名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎马扎克（Mazak)公司展出的

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