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计划周记进度检查表.xls

电池柜冷藏箱DC-tall之箱体主要零部件的计算设计【带UG三维】【7张图纸】【优秀】

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电池柜冷藏箱DC-tall之箱体主要零部件的计算设计【带UG三维】【7张图纸】【优秀】.rar

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计划周记进度检查表.xls

摘要

　　　中国冲压模具的发展现状改革开放带了我国的经济进入高速发展的时期，模具的市场的需求量也进一步的增加。模具行业也一直以15%左右的增速再发展。因此带来的模具工业企业的所有制成分的巨大变化，一些国有专业模具厂也如雨后春笋般的建立起来，同时也带来了以集体、独资、私营和合资等形式的快速发展。

　　　本零件是对电池柜冷藏箱DC-tall的零件进行冲压成型的模具设计，主要内容有：零件特点和工艺分析；成型工艺方案的制定、分析、比较；凸模结构设计；凹模结构设计；卸料装置设计；模架设计等。设计综合了大学三年所学的机械制图、材料力学、金属工艺、测量与互换、冲压工艺与模具设计、CAD、Pro/e等课程。本次设计直接应用了《冲压工艺与模具设计》、CAD、UG的知识。由于该产品的冲压工艺有冲孔、落料,所以四个安装卡位精度要求高,其它模具结构尽可能简单。通过这次设计,我们初步掌握了模具设计的一般流程和方法，提高了综合知识的运用、计算机辅助设计实操和解决实际问题的能力。

　　　关键词：DC-tall；模具；冲压模具设计

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录V

1 绪论1

1.1 课题来源2

1.2 选题的目的和意义2

1.2.1 选题的目的2

1.2.2 研究的意义2

2.1 主要设计内容:零件特点和工艺分析2

2.1.1 零件分析2

2.1.2 批量2

2.1.3 工件及其冲压工艺性分析2

2.1.3.1零件形状和技术要求制定工序顺序3

2.1.3.2 零件的排样4

2.1.3.3 材料性能6

2.1.3.4 模具工作过程7

2.1.3.5 材料的利用率7

2.2 难点、成型质量控制7

2.3 难点处理7

2.4 零件制造方案制定8

2.5 冲压方案的确定8

2.5 冲压设备的选用10

2.5.1 压力机类型的选择10

2.5.2 压力机行程的确定10

2.5.3 冲裁力的计算10

2.5.4 卸料力的计算11

2.5.5 额定压力的确定12

2.6 定位装置12

2.7 关于压力中心13

2.8 冲裁间隙的选取13

2.8.1冲裁间隙对冲裁件质量的影响13

2.8.2 冲裁间隙值的确定13

2.8.3 定模具刃口尺寸及其制造公差设计原则14

2.9 模具工作部分尺寸选择14

2.9.1冲裁凸凹模的设计原则14

2.9.2 凸模结构设计15

2.9.2.4 凸模固定板16

2.9.2.5 垫板16

2.10 导向机构16

2.11 模架17

2.12 卸料装置设计17

2.13 模具的工作过程17

3 钣金工艺19

3.1 钣金的定义及特点19

3.2 钣金工艺过程19

3.3 下加强件的加工过程21

4 模具零件23

4.1 重要零件的加工及选择23

5 结论及展望27

5.1 结论27

5.2 不足之处与展望27

致谢28

参考文献29

　　　冷冲压在现代工业生产中占有十分重要的地位，是国防工业及民用工业中必不可少的加工方法。在电子产品中，冲压件约占80%~85%；在汽车、农业机械产品中，冲压件约占75%~80%；在轻工业产品中，冲压件约占90%以上。此外，在航空及航天工业生产中，冲压件也占很大的比例。目前，我国冲压技术与先进工业发达国家相比还有一定差距，主要原因是我国在成形工艺及冲压基础理论、模具制造工艺、模具标准化及设备等方面与工业发达的国家相比尚有很大差距，导致我国模具在加工精度、效率、寿命、生产周期等方面与先进工业发达国家的模具相比差距非常大。

　　　随着科学技术的不断进步和工业生产的迅速发展，冲压加工作为现代工业领域内重要的生产手段之一，更加体现出其特有的优越性。在现代工业生产中，由于市场竞争日益激烈，产品性能和质量要求越来越高，更新换代的速度越来越快，冲压产品正朝着复杂化、多样化、高精度、高质量方向发展，模具业正朝着复杂化、高效率、高精度、长寿命方向发展。

1.1 课题来源

DC tall是该厂根据市场需求开发研制的电池柜冷藏箱。电池柜冷藏箱（DC tall）的主要结构采用的是钣金材料，本产品的主要研究目的：将电池保持一定的温度，使得电池延长使用寿命。装电池后产品重量达1.42t吊起时顶部的四个螺丝每个都必须能承受220kg的拉力。保持电池柜内部温度25℃±1℃，并保持内部温度的均匀性。

1.2 选题的目的和意义

　　1.2.1 选题的目的

　　　将电池保持一定的温度，使得电池延长使用寿命。

　　1.2.2 研究的意义

节能减排、绿色成本、节约成本。

2.1 主要设计内容:零件特点和工艺分析

　　2.1.1 零件分析

　　　零件冲压生产所需的基本工序只有冲孔、落料两种性质的工序。冲压件尺寸精度高，孔的位置公差要求一般，表面粗糙度一般，互换性能好。具有强度高、刚性好的特点。

　　2.1.2 批量

　　　该零件总生产数量为大批量生产。

　　2.1.3 工件及其冲压工艺性分析

零件的外形对称，结构简单；零件壁宽3>1.5t=1.5×0.5=0.75；孔虽然是配合孔，但孔的尺寸精度和位置精度都只是一般要求，相对直径较大；孔壁尺寸也大于1.5t；以上这些条件都适合冲裁，如图2.1。

QQ截图20131116160958.gif

电池柜冷藏箱DC-tall之箱体主要零部件的计算设计.jpg

内容简介：: 无锡太湖学院信机系机械工程及自动化专业毕业设计论文任务书一、题目及专题：1、题目电池柜冷藏箱DC-tall之箱体主要零部件的计算设计 2、专题二、课题来源及选题依据 DC tall是该厂根据市场需求开发研制的电池柜冷藏箱。电池柜冷藏箱（DC tall）的主要结构采用的是钣金材料，本产品的主要研究目的：将电池保持一定的温度，使得电池延长使用寿命。装电池后产品重量达1.42t吊起时顶部的四个螺丝每个都必须能承受220kg的拉力。保持电池柜内部温度251，并保持内部温度的均匀性。三、本设计（论文或其他）应达到的要求：1）完成相关的零件图和装配图，其中包括三维图和二维图。2）按学校要求完成毕业论文（不少于8000字）。3）完成英文翻译（不少于3000字；英文资料翻译要正确表达原文的含意，语句通顺。）4）设计说明书论文格式满足学校相应的规范要求，内容完整，结构安排合理，语句通顺。5）设备性能符合主要技术数据；设备结构合理，易安装、维护；设备运行安全可靠。四、接受任务学生：机械95 班姓名杨理刚五、开始及完成日期：自2012年11月12日至2013年5月25日六、设计（论文）指导（或顾问）：指导教师签名签名签名教研室主任学科组组长研究所所长签名系主任签名2012年11月12日英文原文Design Of Tool Machine Prop Research significanceThe original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool. Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development. Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs. The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.1.System components and control structureThe entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principleTool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component. 1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive. 2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform. 3) Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as a drawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management, security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des Voeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.1.1.2.Electrical Control SystemThis tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing. Control system as shown in Figure 1.图 1 Tool Control System for the1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter. 2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system. 3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.1.2.The functions of the knifeknife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.1.3.Common typesThe knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms: (1) the turret knife Including the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):(2) the disc cutter Disc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of the knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably given the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more compact layout, the number of certificates corresponding increase knife, apply to small and medium-sized processing center.(3) the chain knife Including single-and multi-ring chain ring chain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 do Features: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.(4) linear combination knife and the knife library The linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though. Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.1.4 Tool storage capacityTool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view, generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.1.5 Tool options(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate. (2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection. 1.6. Control of the knife (1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher. (2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently. (3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application2.1 Auto Rotary ToolRotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simple installation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NC instructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe. Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, standby position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.2. 2 ATC head-turret installedWith rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 , ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool changeFigure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans. At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport. Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely. Tool Automatic Tool Change the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife. ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising. 3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election3. 1Common methods of automatic election knifeAutomatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions on the knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change (63,71. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: random sequence election knives and knife election method.3.1.1 order election knifeTool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. The need to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife.3.1.2Random election knifeRandom election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knife blocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the tool identification device acceptable identification. When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding. 1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary 1 and 0 to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation. 2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the rotation. At this time there is no knife handle encoding part of the knife handle simplified. 3. Annex coding methods. This style of coding keys, coded cards, coding and coding-disc, which is the most widely used coding keys. First toknives are attached to a tool of the show wrapped coding keys, and when the cutter knife to the store at knife in, so put the number of keys to remember knife Block Road, will be inserted into key to the coding Block next to the key hole in the seat for the knife to the numbers. Conclusion Focused on in todays manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level.中文译文机床刀具设计课题研究意义机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。在刀库自动选刀方面，在计算机记忆式选刀的基础上采用了西门子840D特色功能，使选刀程序更简洁，并完成空刀套的查找。刀库快速换刀利用STEP-7完成编程，并在实际中得到验证。在刀库定位问题上，PLC程序控制采用模块化设计方法，这对今后生产类似机床将十分有利，很容易将其利用到其他机床上。自动换刀系统将以较快的速度增长，缩短换刀时间，提高刀具的定位精度是重要的手段，有利于数控技术的发展。刀具及其元件库存是现代生产管理中的重要环节, 特别是大型车间管理。传统的人工记帐管理方式, 效率低下, 错误率高, 且信息数据不能共享, 刀具的使用状态和寿命周期无法跟踪, 不能适应当前信息化管理需要。结合生产实际, 我们在车间刀具准备间建立刀具贮存立体库系统, 以满足车间刀辅具储存与管理的需要。该系统采用最优化技术, 利用计算机存储的大量库存信息, 能及时、准确、全面地反映刀具库的库存情况。整个系统采用图形界面, 人机对话由中文菜单提示, 可实现各种功能选择和各种信息的输入。管理系统采用在线帮助功能。可通过车间管理层、网络系统实现信息管理和共享。具有自动库存管理、刀具入库管理、刀具出库管理和统计查询功能。1.系统组成及其控制结构整个系统包括机械结构及电气控制系统。1.1.1 机械结构及工作原理刀具库由支架、驱动机构、传动系统、刀架、护罩、电气控制系统等部分组成。支架由立柱、横梁、上下导向环轨、支撑地轨组成。1)驱动机构该系统选用了变频调速的方法。采用锥形制动电机, 带变频调速, 经摆线针轮减速器, 通过链轮传动。2)拖动与传动系统采用变频控制技术。通过变频调速, 可使传动轴转速在正常范围内调节使刀架回转速度控制到 5 30mm in, 2 个传动轴各带上、下2 个链轮通过上、下2 条异形滚子链带动货架转动。链条胀紧机构采用螺纹调节胀紧, 为定期胀紧方式。调节时上、下链条松度调节一致, 使链条受力均匀。3)刀架与防护罩整库共有14 列独立刀架。其中 13 列为插座式刀架, 1 列为抽屉式刀架, 每个刀架背部通过销轴与上、下输送链链板联接, 底部安装滚轮, 链条转动带动刀架沿地轨转动。插座式刀架分BT40 刀架和BT50 刀架 2 种形式。为加强管理, 保证安全, 美化造型, 货架外围加防护罩。抽屉式刀架分 6 个抽屉放置其他刀辅具, 可分类装存一些刀辅具, 如钻头、车刀等。1.1.2. 电气控制系统本刀具储存系统的电气控制主要是对其货架进行运行控制和位置控制。运行控制包括运行设备的启动、制动控制。位置控制主要是对货架位置和地址进行检测。控制系统框图如图 1 所示。图 1刀具库控制系统图1)电气传动水平旋转刀具储存系统各机械的动作都属于反复短时工作制。而且系统在运行时需要几种速度, 因此传动系统需要调速, 所以该系统选用了变频调速的方法, 可以采用结构简单、运行可靠的变频器和变频电动机。2)控制方式该系统分为手动和自动控制2 种控制方式, 手动控制一般作为调试用和备用的工作方式; 自动控制方式为本系统计算机(IPC)和控制单元(变频器、接触器等)组成的一个自动控制系统。3)位置及定位精度检测本系统中自动认址和位置检测采用了接近开关作为检测元器件, 通过光点隔离继电器板和记数板对接近开关采集的信号进行记数和运算处理, 采用最优路径寻址方式确定货架的当前位置和货架的目的位置。为了使系统定位更准确, 采用了 2 只光电开关, 分别检测2 个货架的2 只检测片。1.2.刀库的功能刀库的作用是储备一定数量的刀具，机械手实现主轴上刀具的互换zsa刀具的类型有盘式刀库、链式刀库等多种形式，刀库的形式和容量要根据机床的工艺范围来确定。1.3.常见类型刀库是存储刀具的装置，常见的刀库主要有以下几种形式:(1)转塔式刀库包括水平转塔头和垂直转塔头两种，见图2.6a)与b): (2)盘式刀库盘式刀库中刀库呈盘状,刀具沿盘面垂直排列(包括径向取刀和轴向取刀),沿盘面径向排列或成锐角排列的形式的刀库。结构简单、紧凑,应用较多,但刀具单环排列,空间利用率低。见图2.7a)c)。若增加刀库容量必须使刀库的外径增大,那么转动惯量也相应增大,选刀运动时间长。刀具数量一般不多于32把。刀具呈多环排列的刀库的空间利用率高,但必然使得取刀机构复杂,适用于机床空间受限制而刀库容量又较大的场合。双盘式结构是两个较小容量的刀库分置于主轴两侧,布局较紧凑,储刀数量也相应增大,适用于中小型加工中心。(3)链式刀库包括单环链和多环链，链环形式可有多种变化，见图2.8a)c)，基本结构见图2. 8do特点:适用于刀库容量较大的场合，所占的空间小，一般适用于刀具数在30-120把。仅增加链条长度即可增加刀具数，可以不增加圆周速度其转动惯量不像盘式刀库增加的那样大。(4)直线式刀库和组合刀库直线式刀库结构简单如图2. 9，刀具单行排列，刀库容量小，多用于数控车床和钻床上。由于刀库位置固定，换刀动作由主轴完成，无需机械手。组合刀库一般是转塔式刀库的组合、转塔式与盘式刀库的组合及链式刀库的组合。每单个刀库的储刀量较小，换刀速度快。另外还有一些密集型的鼓轮式、弹匣式和格子式刀库，这些密集型刀库虽.占地面积小，但由于结构限制，基本上不用于单机加工中心，多用于FMS的集中供刀系统。1.4.刀库的容量刀库的容量首先要考虑加工工艺的需要，从使用角度出发，一般为1040把刀，刀库的利用率会高，而结构比较紧凑。1.5.刀具的选择方式(1)顺序选择将刀具按加工工序的顺序，依次放入刀库的每一个刀座内。每次换刀时，刀库顺序转动一个刀座位置，并取出所需要的刀具，己经使用过的刀具可以放回原来的刀座内，也可以顺序放入下一个刀座内。但由于刀库中刀具在不同的工序中不能重复使用，必须增加刀库的容量，降低了利用率。(2)任意选择目前大多数的数控系统都采用任意选刀的方式，其分为刀套编码、刀具编码和记忆式等三种。刀具编码或刀套编码需要在刀具或刀套上安装用于识别的编码条，一般都是根据二进制编码的原理进行编码。刀具编码选刀方式采用了一种特殊的刀柄结构，并对每把刀具编码。每把刀具都具有自己的代码，因而刀具可在不同的工序中多次重复使用，换下的刀具不用放回原刀座，刀库的容量也可相应减少。本文采用记忆式选刀，这种方式能将刀具号和刀库中的刀套位置对应地记忆在数控系统的PLC中，无论刀具放在哪个刀套内，刀具信息都始终记存在PLC内。刀库上装有位置检测装置，可获得每个刀套的位置。这样刀具就可以任意取出并送回。刀库上还设有机械原点，使每次选刀时就近选取。1.6.刀库的控制方式 (1)刀库作为系统的定位轴来控制。在梯形图中根据指令的T码进行运算比较后输出角度和速度指令到刀库伺服驱动刀库伺服电机。刀库的容量、旋转速度、加/减速时间等均可在系统参数中设定，此种方式不受外界因素影响定位准确、可靠但成本较高。 (2)刀库由液压马达驱动，有快/慢速之分，用接近开关计数并定位。在梯形图中比较系统存储的当前刀号(主轴上的刀)和目标刀号(预选刀)并运算，再输出旋转指令，同时判断按最短路径旋转到位。这种方式需要足够的液压动力和电磁阀刀库旋转速度可通过节流阀调整。但使用一段时间后可能会因为油质、油压、油温及环境因素的变化而影响运动速度和准确性。一般用于不需频繁换刀的大中型机床。 (3)刀库由交流异步电动机驱动凸轮机构(马氏

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