航次租船合同标准格式(共165页).ppt

1、航次租船合同标准格式 干散货船Gencon 1974/1994 金康格式 油船ASBATANKVOYBPVOYSHELLVOY航次租船合同的主要法律问题航次租船合同的主要法律问题（一）（一）预备航次预备航次Preliminary Voyage航次租船合同的四个阶段卸货Discharging履行航次Performance装货Loading 预备航次Preliminary Voyage预备航次 实务中，航次租船合同订立之后船舶即在装货港准备装货的情况几乎没有。 承租人一般都面临着买卖合同下装货的截止日期的压力 承租人希望清楚的知道什么时候可以装货预备航次 如果船舶比承租人预期的时间延迟抵达，则承租

2、人可能需要支付额外的储藏货物的费用(Storage Cost)可能错过买卖合同约定的装货日期预备航次 在绝大多数的航次租船合同中都会约定船东应该给承租人一个可预期装船时间(Expected Ready to Load Date)船舶必须合理尽速前往装货港(合理速遣Reasonable Despatch)如果船舶在约定的时间不能抵达，承租人有权取消合同(Cancel the Contract) 受载期LAYCAN: Layday and Cancelling Day 船舶在受载期内抵达装货港，承租人无权取消合同；船舶在销约日届满还未抵达，承租人有权取消合同承租人在取消合同的同时，还有可能有可能(

3、may)可以索赔损失(Claim Damages)预备航次Clause 5 of ASBATANKVOY“Should the vessel not be ready to load by 4 oclock p.m. (local time) on the cancelling date stipulated in Part I, the charterer shall have the option of cancelling this charter by giving owner notice of such cancellation within twenty-four (24) ho

4、urs after such cancellation date; otherwise the charter to remain in full force and effect.” 预备航次Clause 9(a) of GENCON 1994 “Should the vessel not be ready to load (whether in berth or not) on or before the date indicated in Box 21, the Charterers have the option of cancelling this Charterparty.”预备航

5、次销约权的行使 只要船舶没有在约定的时间抵达，承租人就有权取消合同，不论船舶无法抵达的原不论船舶无法抵达的原因是什么因是什么 即使船舶不能按时抵达已经是明显的事实，但是承租人依旧不能在约定的销约期前取消合同，除非合同中另有约定。预备航次销约权的行使 SHELLVOY 6, Clause 11 (c) “As soon as Owners become aware that the vessel will not be ready to load by noon on the termination date Owners will give notice to the Charterers d

6、eclaring a new readiness to load date and ask Charterers to elect whether to or not to terminate this Charter.Within 4 days after such notice Charterers shall either:(i) declare this Charter terminated: or(ii) confirm a revised set of laydays.: or(iii) agree a new set of laydays or an extension to t

7、he laydays mutually acceptable to Owners and Charterers.预备航次销约权的行使GENCON 94, Clause 9 (b) “Should the Owners anticipate that, despite the exercise of due diligence, the Vessel will not be ready to load by the cancelling date, they shall notify the Charterers thereof without delay stating the expecte

8、d date of the Vessels readiness to load and asking whether the Charterers will exercise their option of cancelling the Charterparty, or agree to a new cancelling date. Such option must be declared by the Charterers within 48 running hours after the receipt of the Owners notice, if the Charterers do

9、not exercise their option of cancelling, then this Charterparty shall be deemed to be amended such that the seventh day after the new readiness date stated in the Owners notification to the Charterers shall be the new cancelling date. The provisions of sub-clauses (b) of this clause shall operate on

10、ly once, and in case of the Vessels further delay, the Charterers shall have the option of cancelling the Charterparty as per sub-clause (a) of this Clause.预备航次销约权的行使 销约权必须在合同约定的时间内行使，如果没有约定，则必须在合理时间内行使。如果不行使，销约权即告丧失。 如果承租人不行使销约权，或者销约权丧失，那么租船合同效力不受影响，承租人必须履行合同义务，例如，装货(The obligation to have a cargo

11、available at the place of loading is of fundamental importance)。预备航次销约权的行使 行使销约权和行使损害赔偿权可以并行 但是，拥有销约权并不能够使承租人自动获得索赔损失的权利，如额外支付的仓库储藏费。 只有在承租人能够证明船东同时也违反了合同中其他义务之时，承租人才有权索赔损失。预备航次损失索赔 只有在以下两种情况下，承租人可以索赔损失船东没有诚信给予可预计装船时间1. 船东没有尽到合理速遣的义务预备航次可预计装船时间 可预计装船时间Expected Ready to Load DateSHELLVOY 6, Part 1 (B

12、)“Position/ReadinessNow (trading) Expected ready to load”GENCON 94, Clause 1“The Vessel now in position as stated in Box 8 and expected ready to load under this Charterparty about the date indicated in Box 9”预备航次可预计装船时间 船东在合同中填写可预计装船时间时，必须诚信善意(in good faith)基于合理基础(on reasonable grounds) 可预计装船时间条款是航次

13、租船合同中的条件条款！条件条款！预备航次可预计装船时间 案例 航次租船合同签订于1965年5月25日，约定的装货港口是越南海防港。船东给出的可预计装船时间是7月1日，销约期是7月20日。后来承租人发现，订约时船舶正处于太平洋中部，期间还要去一趟香港卸货，无论如何也不可能在7月1日抵达海防。船东给出这个日期是为了诱使承租人签订合同。 法院判决：承租人有权取消合同。预备航次合理速遣船东有义务合理尽快前往装货港装货，该义务通常会由合同条款明示（即使没有明示，法律也会将该义务默示与合同中）GENCON 94, Clause 1“The said Vessel shall, as soon as her

14、 prior commitments have been completed, proceed to the loading port(s) or place(s) stated in Box 10”AMWELSH 93: Clause 1“That the said vessel.shall, with all convenient speed, proceed to.and there load”预备航次合理速遣 案例 航次租船合同约定船舶从朴茨茅斯出发，前往亚速尔群岛装水果，然后运往伦敦。但是船舶绕航去了葡萄牙波尔图，然后又返回了朴茨茅斯，最后才前往亚述尔群岛。虽然船舶在销约期之前抵达（

15、这意味着承租人不能取消合同），但是由于船舶最终比预期时间延迟抵达伦敦，水果市场价格下跌。 法院判决：船东违反合理速遣义务，承租人有权索赔水果市场价格下跌导致的损失。预备航次合理速遣与免责条款 预备航次开始后，合同中的免责条款可以保护船东。由于免责原因导致船舶延迟抵达时，承租人无权索赔损失(但是仍然可以取消合同)。 但免责条款只有在预备航次开始时才起作用。开始前发生的原因导致的延迟，船东不能免责。 所以，船东应明确规定预备航次开始的时间。GENCON 94, Clause 1“as soon as her prior commitments have been completed”预备航次可预计

16、装船时间和合理速遣条款 当合同中同时出现了可预计装船时间条款和合理速遣条款，那么船东有绝对的义务(absolute obligation)保证预备航次及时开始。 船东不能及时开始预备航次，则承租人有权索赔因此导致的任何损失 不能开始预备航次的原因通常是船东不能完成上一个航次。航次冲突(clashing engagements)的风险完全由船东承担。航次租船合同的主要法律问题航次租船合同的主要法律问题（二）（二）管货管货装货装货/卸货卸货/交付交付Caring for CargoLoading/Discharging/Delivery船东的管货义务 普通法下，船东有义务小心谨慎适当地装载、搬运、

17、堆放、运输、保管、照看、卸载和交付货物。 货物损坏或灭失只有在三种情况下船东可以免责Act of the God，Queens enemies Inherent vice of the cargo船东的管货义务 如果货物所有人能够证明货物装船时处于良好状态（如何证明？），那么船东就必须证明造成货物损失的原因属于法律免责事项或合同约定的免责事项。 船东如无法证明，就必须承担损害赔偿责任。船东的管货义务 国际海上货物运输合同通常都会被海上货物运输国际公约所管辖。 这些国际公约不强制适用于租船合同，但是船东和承运人可以选择适用。 一旦公约适用，船东在普通法下的管货义务将被公约的规定所替代。船东的管货

18、义务海牙维斯比规则的规定 Article III Rule 2Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.除第四条另有规定外，承运人应适当和谨慎地装载、搬运、堆放、运输、保管、照看和卸载所运货物。Article III Rule 1& Rule 2是两个相互独立的条款，也就是说，即使船东履行了Rule 1谨慎处理使船舶适

19、航的义务，船东也可能违反了Rule 2 管货义务。船东的管货义务海牙维斯比规则的规定 Rule 2和Rule 1有两个最主要的区别： Rule 1 确立的是与船舶有关的义务；Rule 2确立的是与货物有关的义务； Rule 1 确立的义务履行时间是开航前和开航当时，而Rule 2确立的义务贯穿于承运人照看货物的整个期间内船东的管货义务海牙维斯比规则的规定 “适当地Properly” 主要是对照看货物的系统的要求（硬件设备，管理制度等）。个案标准，根据不同的航程，不同的船舶情况和不同的货物，要做出不同的判断。 In accordance with a sound system under all

20、 the circumstances in relation to the general practice of carriage of goods by sea and in the light of all the knowledge which the Carrier has or ought to have about the nature of the goods船东的管货义务海牙维斯比规则的规定 承运人是否必须履行Rule 2规定的所有义务？ 装载、搬运、堆放、运输、保管、照看、卸载(load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and d

21、ischarge)船东的管货义务FIOSFIOS/FIOST条款（Free in and out stowed/trimmed）： 在装货港或者卸货港的装卸工人是由货方任命的情况下，堆装货物的费用(和风险)是由货方承担的。 这意味着在堆装的时候造成的货物损坏，承运人可能是不需要负责的，因为他没有同意履行堆装这一个义务。 注意FIOS条款的措辞：可能只转移费用，可能费用和风险都转移船东的管货义务FIOSFIOS条款（Free in and out stowed）只转移了费用的条款“Shippers being allowed to appoint a head stevedore at the

22、expense and under the inspection and responsibility of the master for proper stowage” “Cargo to be loaded stowed and discharged free of expense of steamer, with use of steamers winch or winchmen if required”同时转移费用和风险的条款：“Shippers/charterers/receivers to put the cargo on board, trim and discharge the

23、 cargo free of expense to the vessel.” “Charterers are to load stow and trim the cargo at their expense under the supervision of the captain.”船东的管货义务FIOS FIOS条款（Free in and out stowed）适用的五个原则： 一般而言，装卸货是应该由船东负责的，所以，如果船东想要把装卸货的责任转移给发货人/收货人/承租人，他必须在合同中清楚写明。 如果一个条款仅仅赋予了发货人/收货人/承租人雇佣装卸工的权利，这并不代表装卸货的责任和风险

24、也随之转移给发货人/收货人/承租人 如果一个条款仅仅说明发货人或者收货人要为雇佣装卸工的费用负责，并不代表装卸货的责任和风险也随之转移给发货人或者收货人船东的管货义务FIOS FIOS条款（Free in and out stowed）如果一个条款说明发货人/收货人/承租人应该履行装卸货的工作（perform loading, stowage and discharge),那么装卸货的责任和风险就转移给了发货人/收货人“under the supervision of captain” 并没有要求船长或者船东要尽到监督的义务，除非发货人/承租人的工作影响到了船舶的适航性。但是如果船长积极地介入

25、到发货人的装运工作，船东就要为船长的行为导致的损失负责。船东的管货义务海牙维斯比规则的规定：结论在认定船东在Rule 2下责任的时候必须经过两个步骤（普通法下法律地位相同）： （1）确定Rule 2例举的义务里，哪些是船东根据双方协议应该履行的？（2）然后再看船东是否适当和谨慎地履行了这些义务。装货时承租人的责任承租人有义务安排装卸货并支付费用，并不一定意味着承租人需要为装卸工造成的船舶损坏负责，除非合同另有约定Gencon 1994, Clause 5 (c) (Gencon 1976里没有这个条款在这一问题上，Gencon 94比Gencon76对船东更加有利)“The charterer

26、s shall be responsible for damage (beyond ordinary wear and tear) to any part of the Vessel caused by Stevedores. Such damage shall be notified as soon as reasonably possible by the Master to the Charterers or their agents and to their stevedores, failing which the charterers shall not be held respo

27、nsible. The Master shall endeavour to obtain the Stevedores written acknowledgement of liability. The Charterers are obliged to repair any stevedore damage prior to completion of the voyage, but must repair stevedore damage affecting the Vessels seaworthiness or class before the Vessel sails from th

28、e port where such damage was caused or found. All additional expenses incurred shall be for the account of the Charterers and any time lost shall be for the account of and shall be paid to the Owners by the Charterers at the demurrage rate.”船东的交付义务船东如何知道在卸货港将货物交给谁？ 提单（bill of lading） 海运单（seaway bill

29、） 海运单是货物收据，是运输合同的证明，但是它不是物权凭证 卸货港提货不需要出示海运单，只需要证明身份 记名提单（straight bill of lading) 记名提单也是物权凭证，它虽然不可以自由转让，但是它能在托运人和收货人之间转让一次，它在收货人手中是物权凭证。提单上的记名收货人在卸货港必须出示提单才能提取货物 船东的交付义务 法律： “It is clear law that where a bill of lading or order is issued in respect of the contract of carriage by sea, the shipowner i

30、s not bound to surrender possession of the goods to any person whether names as consignee or not, except on production of bills of lading. Until the bill of lading is produced to him, unless at any rate, its absence has been satisfactorily accounted for, he is entitled to retain possession of the go

31、ods and if he does part with possession he does so at his own risk if the person to whom he surrenders possession is not in fact entitled to the goods.” 船东的交付义务Lord Denning：“a shipowner who delivers without production of a bill of lading does so at his peril.” 丹宁勋爵：船东无单放货，自担风险！ 船东的交付义务船东自担的风险？如果出现错误

32、交货，船东要对货物的真正货主赔偿货物的全部价值，而且通常船东对无单放货不能享有任何抗辩；曾经在一个案子里，船东企图用提单中的一条责任免除条款抗辩：“loss or damage to the goodsafter dischargehowever caused”。法院判决这条免责条款不能保护船东，因为货物并没有“lost”，而是“misdelivered”通常也不可以限制责任而且会丧失船东互保协会的保险。国际船东互保协会的所有成员的入会章程里面都有一条写明“a member who delivers cargo other than against surrender of the origi

33、nal bill of lading does not have insurance cover for liabilities resulting from such act.”船东的交付义务 实务问题：提单经常不能准时到达！ 解决方法：收货人出示一份信誉良好的银行的保函（letter of indemnity）替代提单 。保障船东在如果交货错误的情况下，银行会赔偿船东一切损失和费用。 “In trades where it is difficult or impossible for the bills of lading to arrive at the discharge port i

34、n time the problem is met by including a contractual term requiring the master to deliver the cargo against a letter of indemnity or back guarantee.”船东的交付义务 关于保函的基本法律规则： 以保函取代提单要求承运人交付货物并不是航运业的习惯做法。除非在运输合同中运输合同中有一个条款明确要求承运人接收保函有一个条款明确要求承运人接收保函，否则承运人没有义务接收保函并且有权利坚持见到正本提单才交付货物。船东的交付义务什么叫做“明确条款要求承运人无单放

35、货？”条款一：“The mastershall be under the orders and directions of charterers as regards employment of the vesseland shall sign bill of lading as charterers or their agents may directCharterers hereby indemnify owners against all consequences or liabilities that may arise from the masterotherwise complyi

36、ng with charterers or their agents orders (including delivery of cargo without presentation of bill of lading”)条款二：“Should bills of lading not arrive at discharge port in time then owners agree to release the entire cargo without presentation of the original bill of lading against delivery by charte

37、rers of letters of indemnity issued in accordance with owners P&I club wording. In case owner elects to wait for the presentation of original bill of lading before discharging the cargo, time lost thereby shall not count as laytime and/or as demurrage.”船东的交付义务条款一： 如果船东无单放货，租船人愿意补偿船东的损失，但是条款的措辞并不

38、足以让船东有义务无单放货：“They merely provide for a letter of indemnity if such discharge takes place. But I do not construe the clauses as imposing a contractual duty on the Owners.”条款二 这个条款的措辞已经足以在船东身上强加了一个必须在卸货港听从指令以保函代替提单无单放货的义务。 p.s.第二个条款在FOB贸易租船时一定要加入货物交付义务的特殊规定以巴西为例 巴西2008年以前：巴西收货人必须提交正本提单给承运人或其代理人，以便提取货

39、物2008年到2013年4月，巴西出台法律，要求承运人先放货给海关，然后收货人向海关提交正本提单以提取货物。但是在这段时间，出现了一些海关被假提单欺骗而错误放货的案例。 2013年4月，巴西对先前法律进行修正，要求承运人先放货给海关，然后收货人向承运人提交正本提单，承运人在验证单据之后，通知海关放货（ “traffic light” control system ）。航次租船合同的主要法律问题航次租船合同的主要法律问题（三）（三）履行航次履行航次: 绕航绕航Performance：Deviation绕航的法律概念 航次租船合同中，船东在履行航次应遵守以下默默示示义务 按通常和习惯的路径航行(b

40、y usual and customary route) 合理速遣(reasonable despatch) 不换船(carrying the cargo in the same ship) 将货物装载在甲板下(carrying the cargo under deck) 如果船东在没有正当法律原因的情况下故意违反故意违反(deliberately)上述义务的一项或几项，那么可以认定船东存在绕航行为。绕航的法律概念AGBCDEF散货运输路径散货运输路径集装箱运输路径集装箱运输路径绕航的法律概念 故意如果船东为了避免船舶/货物/船员即将面临的危险而决定绕道，那么船东行为不构成绕航。如果船东为了其

41、他原因而决定绕道，那么船东行为构成绕航。绕航的法律概念 船舶适航与绕航的关系如果船舶不适航导致危险而需要偏离正常和习惯航线，船东可能会违反适航义务，但是不会违反不绕航的义务。如果船舶不适航在开航前就已经存在和被知晓，且可以修正，但是船东无论如何都决定偏离正常和习惯航线（例如，前往一个中途港修船），那么船东行为构成绕航。绕航的法律后果 历史上，绕航的法律后果非常严重“It abrogates the special contract entirely”绕航的法律后果 历史上，船东运输责任极重。船东被视为公共承运人(Common Carrier)，有绝对义务运送货物至卸货港并保证货物处于和装货时同

42、样的状态。只有三种情况船东可以免责：天灾Acts of God女王的敌人 Queens enemies货物的内在缺陷/固有缺陷 inherent vice绕航的法律后果 如果船舶绕航，而货物在卸载时又发现受损，那么船东只有在同时证明同时证明以下两点才可以免责：第一，损失由三项法定免责其中一项或多项造成第二，即使不绕航，损失也会发生绕航的法律后果 为了逃脱船东的严格责任，船东决定在运输合同中加入各类免责或责任限制条款来保护自己。 这类免责或责任限制条款就是“特殊合同”(Special Contract) 运费和滞期费条款也被认为是“特殊合同”的一部分绕航的法律后果 但是，历史上，绕航通常被认为是

43、一种“根本违约”(fundamental Breach)。一旦船舶绕航，承租人/货方就有权选择是否取消/解除“特殊合同”。 如果承租人/货方选择取消/解除“特殊合同”，那么船东不能要求承租人支付运费、滞期费船东不能援引免责条款和责任限制条款船东只能享有法定的三大免责绕航的法律后果 绕航严厉的法律后果源自绕航属于“根本违约” 但是，根本违约的概念在1980年被废除 只要免责条款措辞清楚，严重违约也可免责绕航的法律后果 所以，在租船合同中，只要免责条款或责任限制条款措辞清楚，那么在绕航的情况下，船东同样可以享有免责或责任限制。 措辞清楚：“在任何情况下”(in any event)绕航的法律后果例

44、如，如果租船合同适用海牙维斯比规则，那么船东即使绕航，也可以享受 一年诉讼时效的保护(Time Limit)：the carrier and the ship shall in any event be discharged from all liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unless suit is brought within one year of their delivery or of the date when they should have been delivered. 责任限制条款的保护Article IV Ru

45、le 5：Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading, neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with the goods in an amount exceeding 正当绕航 航行习惯合理确定广

46、为接受不与合同条款抵触不与法律相悖正当绕航 为了避开船舶/货物/船员面临的危险 为了挽救生命 为了添加燃油 立法允许的绕航国际危险货物规则IMDG：某些货物必须装载在甲板上海牙维斯比规则 为挽救生命和财产 合理绕航正当绕航Art IV Rule 4“Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea, or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of these Rules or of a c

47、ontract of carriage and the carrier should not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.”正当绕航 合同明示条款自由航行条款(Liberty Clause)战争条款：Gencon 1994, Clause 17冰冻条款：Gencon 1994, Clause 18BIMCO海盗条款(请自行阅读上述几个条款) 自由航行条款允许船舶为了船货共同利益而偏离习惯航线，法院对于此类条款通常都予以承认。 但如果船舶仅为自己利益而偏离习惯航线，法院会认定船舶绕航 自由航行条款规定越宽泛，法院越不会

48、执行此类条款正当绕航租船合同和提单的冲突船东船东承租人承租人收货人收货人B/LC/P正当绕航租船合同和提单的冲突 案例船舶从克罗地亚里耶卡港到法国敦刻尔克，途径格拉斯哥时遭遇海难货物灭失。途径格拉斯哥属于绕航。在托运人和承运人达成的租船合同中，有一个允许绕航到格拉斯哥的条款，但是这样的条款并没有出现在提单中。当提单转让到收货人手中时，收货人以不正当绕航为由起诉承运人要求赔偿损失。法院支持了收货人的诉求。正当绕航租船合同和提单的冲突 租船合同和提单是两个相互独立的运输合同，作为提单合同当事人的船东不能援引租船合同中的自由航行条款对抗提单合同的另一当事人收货人，除非提单并入了租船合同条款提单中也存

49、在自由航行条款正当绕航租船合同和提单的冲突 并入条款Congenbill 1994 （TO BE USED WITH CHARTER-PARTIES）All terms and conditions, liberties and exceptions of the charter party, dated as overleaf, including the Law and Arbitration clause, are herewith incorporated.正当绕航指令变更条款 指令变更条款(Revised Order Clause)在油轮航次租船合同中，常见一类条款。该类条款允许承租

50、人在货物已经装船之后，指定与原约定卸货港不同的港口作为新的目的港。但如果提单已经签发，则变更指令可能会使得船东面临着提单持有人的绕航索赔，除非提单持有人同意新的目的港。正当绕航指令变更条款效力对比 “After loading or discharging port(s) have been nominated, charterers may change such port(s) and/or vary their rotation consistent with Part I and bills of lading, if any, and owner shall issue instru

51、ctions necessary to give effect to such change.” “Notwithstanding anything else to the contrary in this charter party and notwithstanding what loading and/or discharging ports may have been nominated and bills of lading issued, charterer shall have the right to change at any time its nomination of t

52、he loading and/or discharging ports in accordance with Part I of the charter party.”正当绕航指令变更条款 BPVOY 4Clause 22.1: if at any time after the date of this charter, Charterers, notwithstanding that they may have nominated a loading or discharging port, wish to issue revised Charterers Voyage Orders and

53、 instruct Owners to stop and/or divert the Vessel to an alternative port within any Ranges stated in Section E or F of Part 1, or cause her to await orders at one or more locations, Owners shall issue such revised instructions to the master as are necessary to give effect to such revised Charterers

54、Voyage Orders and the Master shall comply with such revised instructions as soon as the Vessel is free of any previous charter commitments. 正当绕航指令变更条款 BPVOY 4Clause 30.1.2: Bills of Lading shall be signed as Charterers direct, without prejudice to this Charter, Charterers hereby indemnify Owners aga

55、inst claims brought by holders of Bills of Lading against Owners by reason of any deviation required by Charterers under Clauses 22正当绕航指令变更条款 BPVOY 4Clause 30.3.1: if Charterers require Owners to deliver cargo at a port other than as set out in the Bills of Lading, the Owners shall nevertheless disc

56、harge such cargo in compliance with Charterers instructionsin consideration of Charterers undertaking to indemnify Ownersand to hold Owners harmless in respect of any liability, loss, damages, cost or expense of whatsoever nature which Owners may sustain by reason of delivering the cargo to the rece

57、iver in accordance with Charterers instructions.正当绕航指令变更条款 上述三个条款合起来解释的结果就是： 承租人有权向船东发出变更目的港的指令，但是必须向船东提供保函以补偿船东可能因为绕航而需要承担的责任和需要支出的费用。航次租船合同的主要法律问题航次租船合同的主要法律问题（四）（四）运费运费Freight运费 运费是船东运送货物的对价(consideration) 船东和承租人有权约定运费计算的基础基于卸货港货物重量计算(delivery quantity)基于装货港货物重量计算(intake quantity)一笔计算(a lump-sum

58、of)运费计算方式 BPVOY 4Clause 31.4: “Freight shall be payable.on the gross quantity of cargo loaded by the Vessel as evidenced by the Bills of Lading furnished by the shippers.”GENCON Clause 1“.on being paid freight on delivered or intaken quantity as indicated in Box 13.”i.e. it is up to the parties to a

59、gree in advance on what basis freight is to be charged.亏舱费(Deadfreight) 如果承租人没有按照合同约定提供足够的货物装船，导致船东因为少装货物而少赚取运费，那么船东有权索赔承租人违约造成的损失。 该损失叫做亏舱费。索赔计算基础或按照合同损失索赔的一般原理，或按照合同条款的明确约定（议定赔偿）亏舱费(Deadfreight) 案例承租人承诺提供100吨货物装船，每吨货物支付100美元运费。但是承租人实际上仅装了90吨货物。在合同没有另行约定的情况下，船东能够收取9000美元运费，并索赔1000美元亏舱费运费运费 除非合同另有约定

60、，法律默示认为船东只有在卸货港卸货/交付货物之后才能赚取运费，而承租人也只有在此时需要支付运费。 部分航次租船合同条款会将法律默示地位明确SHELLVOY 5, Clause 5“Freight shall be earned concurrently with delivery of the cargo at the nominated discharging port(s) and shall be paid by charterers upon receipt of notice of completion of final discharge of cargo”运费 部分航次租船合同只规定了运费在卸货