大学英语语法归纳总结

千里之行，始于足下让知识带有温度。第第2页/共2页精品文档推荐大学英语语法归纳总结一、高校英语三、四级语法归纳

二、时态和语态

I、时态

时态是表示动作发生的时光和表现方式的一种动词形式。每一种“时光＋方式”就构成一种时态。从时光上看，有现在、过去、未来和过去未来之分，从动作上看，有普通、举行、完成及完成举行之区分。（英语动词有16种时态）在实际应用中以及TOEFL等考试中浮现最多的时态也惟独4种，即普通现在时，现在完成时，普通过去时及过去完成时。

1．用普通现在时表示未来的动作。

B.在由连词evenif,unless,assoonas,if,when,incase,before,after,until,once,the

moment,aslongas等引出状语从句中，谓语普通不用will或shall来表示未来的动作，仅用普通现在时。例如：

C.eg.Shewillcometoseeyouthemomentshefinishesherwork.

Thebosswon’tgivetheworkerspayunlessthey______theirworktoday.

(03/12,43)

D.A)finishB)finishedC)willfinishD)hadfinished

Suchcrimesmaybesocomplexthatmonthsoryearsgobybeforeanyone__________them.

E.A)discoveredB)willdiscover(03/1,31,CET-4)

F.C)wouldhavediscoveredD)discovers

G.B.某些表示起始的动词，可用普通现在时表示按预定方案或时刻表在短时光内将发生

的动作。这类动词有：be,go,come,start,leave,depart,arrive,begin,return等。例如：

Thetrainleavesatfivesharp.

H.2.现在完成时、过去完成时以及未来完成时之间的区分

1)现在完成时：

I.①构成：have／has+过去分词

J.②语法意义及要点：

A.表示一个过去开头的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时光

的状语连用。eg.sofar，uptonow，since，foralongtimeetc.

K.eg.Hehasworkedasateacherformanyyears

L.Uptillnow，nothinghasgonewrong．

Don’tdisturbFather.He________lettersallmorningandhaswrittentensofar.(99/6,42)

M.A)writeB)hasbeenwritingC)haswrittenD)waswriting

N.

Thisistheworsttimeoftheyear.It________everydaysofar.

(02/6,42)

O.A)israiningB)hasrainedC)rainedD)rains

P.B．表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或大事。常与不确定的过去时光状语连用(eg.yet，just，before，recently,etc.)；也同表示频度时光状语连用(eg.often，ever，never，sometimes，severaltimes,etc).；还可同包括现在时光在内的时光状语连用(eg.

now，today，thismorning,etc).但不能同特定的过去时光状语连用(lastyear，inl997etc.)

Q.eg.IhaveneverlearnedJapanesebefore．

R.Wehavebeenquitebusylately/recently．

S.

IammeetingIvantonight;I_______aRussianbefore.

(01/1,49)

T.A)didn’tevermeetB)haveevermetC)hadnevermetD)havenevermet

U.C．在时光或条件状语从句中，当表示未来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替未来完成时。

We'llstartat50'clockifithasstoppedrainingbythen．

IshallgotoseeyouwhenIhavefinishedmyhomework．

V.Note：行为不能持续的眨眼动词(InstantaneousVerb)，eg.arrive,begin,come,go，start,leave,die，join，etc.通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现完成时中不能与表示一段时光的状语连用。

Hehasjoinedthearmyforfiveyears．(F)

Hehasbeeninthearmyforfiveyears。(T)

W.2)过去完成时：

X.①构成：had+过去分词

Y.②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作或状况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。Z.eg.DavidandJennyhadknowneachotherforalongtimebeforetheirmarriage.AA.Theyhadgoteverythingreadybeforethepartybegan．

Theburglary______beforeIarrivedattheoffice;allIcoulddowastocallthepolice.(03/6,56)

BB.A)hasoccurredB)hadoccurredC)wasoccurringD)wouldoccur

CC.Note:与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时可以与表示详细过去的时光状语连用。

Hesaidthathehadseenherthedaybeforeyesterday.

DD.3)未来完成时：

EE.①构成：shall／will+have+过去分词

FF.②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作在未来某一时刻或未来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。

GG.eg.Hewillhavegraduatedfromhighschoolbeforehisnextbirthday，

HH.Theshopwillhaveclosedalreadybeforeyougetthere．

II.

Bytheendofnextyearthey_________togetherfortwentyyears.(01/1,48)JJ.A)willhaveworkedB)hadworkedC)wouldworkD)haveworked

KK.

--"MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Williamsatfiveo'clocktonight?"

(00/6,41,CET-4)

--"I'msorry.Mr.Williams_______toaconferencelongbeforethen."

A)willhavegoneB)hadgoneC)wouldhavegoneD)hasgone

LL.

BythetimehearrivesinBeijing,we_______herefortwodays.(01/6,31,CET-4)

A)havebeenstayingB)havestayedC)shallstayD)willhave

stayed

MM.

BythetimeyougettoNewYork,I_______forLondon.(02/1,41,CET-4)

A)wouldbeleavingB)amleavingC)havealreadyleftD)shallhave

left

NN.4)未来时光表示法：

OO.①begoingto+V.表示不太明确的意图、决定。

We’regoingtotobuildanewhighwaytotheeast.

PP.②be+to+V.表示正式的支配、指示、命令、禁止等。例如：

.You’retodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.

You’renottotellhimanythingaboutourplans.

RR.③beaboutto/beonthepointof表示不久的未来，后者表示更近的未来，强调未来要发生的事情已接近。例如：

Ifeelthatsomethingterribleisabouttohappen.

Ican’tseeyounow.I’monthepointofleaving.

SS.④bedueto表示未来的用法与时刻表、实施方案有关。例如：

ThetraintoHangzhouisduetoarriveat13:15.

II、语态

TT.英语动词有两种语态，一种叫主动语态（ActiveVoice），一种叫被动语态（PassiveVoice）,分离表示主语和谓语动词的主动关系和被动关系。.主动语态用于主动句，表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态用于被动句，表示主语是动作的承受者。

UU.☆基本公式是：“是”动词＋过去分词（被动语态有13种）

VV.1.am/is/are+P.P2.am/is/are+being+P.P

WW.3.was/were+P.P4.was/were+being+P.P

XX.5.hasbeen+P.P6.had+been+P.P

YY.7.shall/willbe+P.P8.should/wouldbe+P.P

ZZ.9.should/shall/would/must/need/may/might/oughtto

AAA./can/could/willbe+P.P(情态动词)

BBB.10.be+tobe+P.P(不定式)11.tohavebeen+P.P(完成体)

CCC.12.being+P.P(动名词及分词)13.havingbeen+PP(完成时动名词及分词)

☆动词不定式符号to的处理。

DDD.感官动词（verbsofperception）,如see,watch,observe,notice,listento,hear,feel,etc;

EEE.使役动词（causativeverbs）,如make,have,let,etc;

FFF.如后面接不定式作为其宾语补语时，该不定式不能带有“to”这个符号。GGG.即：感官动词

HHH.主语+使役动词+宾语+不带to的不定式

III.但当上列结构由主动语态转成被动语态时，不带to的不定式须换成带to的不定式。JJJ.eg.Wesawhimcrossthestreet.Hewasseentocrossthestreet.

KKK.JohnheardMarygodownstairs.Marywasheardtogodownstairs.LLL.Thesharppainmadehercryout.Shewasmadetocryoutbythesharppain.

MMM.二、非谓语动词

I、动名词

☆动名词可以在句中作主语补足语、主语、宾语、表语。它具有动词特征，有时态和语态的变化。例如：

NNN.

Transplantingwillsoonstart.(S)

It’snousewaiting.(S)

OOO.

Wouldyoumindstandingonyourhead?(O)

Myfavoritesportisswimming.(P)

Hisjobislookingafterthetwodogsoftheoldwoman.(S-c)

1.某些动词后要接动名词

PPP.某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit，avoid，appreciate(赞扬     )，complete，consider，can'thelp，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，endure,excuse,fancy，favour(赞同)，finish，forgive，involve，imagine，mind，miss，postpone，practise，prevent，quit，resent，risk，resist，suggest,etc.Q.Shesuggestedspendinganotherdayinthemountainarea．

RRR.There'snowaytoescapedoingthework．

SSS.Sheisconsideringaskingheremployerforarise．

TTT.

Ishallpostpone________mypaperuntilIgetenoughinformationonthesubject.(02/6,55)

UUU.A)writingC)writtenB)beingwrittenD)towrite

VVV.MaybeI’ll______theMAprogramaftergraduatingfromcollege.

(03/1,54)

.A)considertotakeB)considertotaking

XXX.C)considertakingD)considerontaking

YYY.

Heconsiders_______anMAprogramaftergraduationintwoyears.

(03/6,51)

ZZZ.A)takingB)totakeC)tookD)taken

AAAA.

Trytoimagine________thePacificOceaninasmallboat.

(03/12,54)

BBBB.A)crossingB)tocrossC)tobecrossedD)oncrossingCCCC.

Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggested_______atthenexttown.

(00/6,34,CET-4)

A)tostopB)stoppingC)stopD)havingstopped

DDDD.

Thatyoungmanstilldenies_______thefirebehindthestore.

(01/1,45,CET-4)

A)startB)tostartC)havingstartedD)tohavestarted

EEEE.Note：①在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式

Theclockneeds／wantsrepairing．(＝Theclockneeds／wantstoberepaired．)

Thedisableddeserverespecting．(＝Thedisableddeservetobe

respected．)

FFFF.②在like、hate、prefer等动词后，假如表示普通倾向，则用动名词作宾语；假如指详细的某次发生在未来的行动，则要用不定式。

GGGG.Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind，butldon'tliketoreadthatbook．

HHHH.Shepreferswalkingtocycling．

IIII.Iprefertostayathometoday．

JJJJ.③在remember、forget、regret等动词后，假如用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前；假如用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后。

KKKK.Irememberedlockingthedoor．(＝IrememberedthatIhadlockedthedoor.)LLLL.Irememberedtolockthedoor．(＝Irememberedthatlwastolockthedoor.)MMMM.Iregrettellingyouaboutit．(＝Iregretthatltoldyouaboutit.)

NNNN.Iregrettotellyouhehasfallenill．(＝IregretthatIamtotellyouhehasfallenill.)OOOO.2.动名词作介词的宾语

PPPP.动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。

Hisdreamofbecomingasuccessfulwriterhascometrue．

Sheleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetous．

.动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有：beaccustomedto，believein，confessto，dreamof，feellike，giveup，insiston，beinterestedin，lookforwardto，objectto，havean(no)objectionto，payattentionto，putoff，beresponsiblefor，succeedin，betiredof，be(get)usedto，worryabout,etc.

Heisusedtolivingonhisown．

Hehasmadeuphismindtogiveupsmoking.

RRRR.3、带规律主语的动名词

SSSS.动名词可以有规律主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的全部格+动名词”。带规律主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语，宾语，表语和介词的宾语。

在非正式语体中，假如动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以用宾格来充当动名词的规律主语。但需注重的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的全部格来作动名词的规律主语。

TTTT.YourdrivingacartoNewYorktooklongerthanIexpected．

UUUU.IappreciatedherdevotingherselftothecauseOfeducation．

VVVV.Yourmotherwillbeastonishedatyourcominghomesolate．

W.WhatwefeltuneasyaboutwasLiMing'shavingtoomuchconfidenceinhimself．

XXXX.

Idon'tmind______thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.（00/1，43,CET-4）

A)youtodelaymakingB)yourdelayingmaking

C)yourdelayingtomakeD)youdelaytomake

YYYY.Ⅱ、不定式

1.某些动词后要接不定式

ZZZZ.某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有:agree，apply,afford，arrange，appear，ask，attempt，care，choose，continue，claim,decide，dare,demand，

desire，determine，expect，fail，fear，forget，hate，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，like，love，manage，mean(决定)，neglect，offer(主动提出)，plan，prefer，prepare，pretend，promise，prove，refuse，regret，remember，resolve(决心),seek，seem,tend，try，volunteer，want，wish，etc.

AAAAA.Whatdoyouplantodotomorrow?

BBBBB.Shehatedtomovefromsuchanicevillage．

CCCCC.Inclassteachersshouldtrytogetfeedbackfromtheirstudents.

DDDDD.2.不定式的被动式

EEEEE.不定式有被动式，当不定式的规律主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。

FFFFF.eg.Thelastquestiontobediscussedtodayishowtodothejobmoreefficiently．GGGGG.Shepreferredtobegivenmoredifficultworktodo．

HHHHH.Itisagreathonorformetobeinvitedtotheparty.

IIIII.Ifthebuildingproject_________bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.

JJJJJ.A)beingcompletedB)iscompletedC)tobecompletedD)completed(01/6,48,CET-4)

KKKKK.3.不定式的完成式

LLLLL.当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用尽成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutthenewsalready.

HeWasbelievedtohavebeenaveryrichman．

MMMMM.4.不定式的完成被动式

NNNNN.当不定式的规律主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用尽成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

OOOOO.eg.Theforestfireisreportedtohavebeenputoutlastnight．

PPPPP.Itissupposedtohavebeenfinishedwithoutreferringtoanyreferencebooks．Q.

Twentysoldierswerereported________inthatbattle.

(99/6,44)

RRRRR.A)tohavebeenkilledB)havingbeenkilledC)tobekilled

D)beingkilled

Theaccidentisreported________atdawnthismorning,killingabouttenpeople.(03/6,42)

SSSSS.A)tohaveoccurredB)tohavebeenoccurredC)occurred

D)occurring

TTTTT.

Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_______inbroaddaylightyesterday.(01/1,63,CET-4)

A)beingrobbedB)havingbeenrobbedC)tohavebeenrobbedD)

robbed

UUUUU.5.带规律主语的不定式短语

VVVVV.不定式可以有规律主语，其构成形式为"for+代词的宾格(或名词)+不定式"。

带规律主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。

WW.Itisnoteasyforyoutocatchupwiththeminashorttime．

XXXXX.Ithinkitbetterforyoutoseethedoctor．

YYYYY.Whatwewantisforyoutounderstandthematterclearly．

ZZZZZ.IsenthimsomepicturesforhimtoseewhatParisislike．

AAAAAA.6.带疑问词的不定式短语

BBBBBB.不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特别的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语宾语、表语或状语等。

CCCCCC.HowtoimproveEnglishisoftendiscussedamongthestudents．

DDDDDD.Wehaven'tdecidedwhentovisittheplace．

EEEEEE.ThemostdifficultthinginlearningEnglishishowtospeakthelanguagewell．FFFFFF.Youhaven'tansweredmyquestionwheretosetthesebooks．

GGGGGG.7.某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是:feel,have，hear，let，make，notice，see，watch,etc.

HHHHHH.eg.Suddenlylfelttheatmosphereintheroombecometense．

IIIIII.Ioftenhearthemsingthissong．

JJJJJJ.

Aswefelttheground_______toshake,weallhurriedoutandstoodintheopen.

(03/6,50)

KKKKKK.A)tobeginB)begunC)hasbegunD)begin

LLLLLL.Ⅲ、分词

☆分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

1、现在分词与过去分词的区分

MMMMMM.现在分词与过去分词的区分主要体现在时光和语态上。现在分词表示正在举行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。NNNNNN.Cf：achangingworld(一个变化着的世界)VSachangedworld(一个已经起变化的世界)

OOOOOO.Surprisingnews(令人惊异的消息)VSsurprisedpeople(感到惊异的人们)

PPPPPP.2.分词作状语

.作状语时，表示时光、缘由、方式、结果、条件、让步和陪同状况等。另外作状语时，它的规律主语应与句子的主语全都。

RRRRRR.eg.Hearingthenews，heheavedasignofrelief．

SSSSSS.Givenanotherchance，I'lldoitmuchbetter．

Allthings_______,theresultissatisfactory.(99/6,50)

TTTTTT.A)consideredB)toconsiderC)consideringD)areconsidered

Childrenmayimprovetheirspeechbylisteningtopeopletalk,afactthatmaygo_________.(01/1,59)

UUUUUU.A)nottobenoticedB)unnoticedC)beingunnoticedD)nottonotice

VVVVVV.

Ithinkthat_________withtherailway,thehighwayismuchbetter.

(02/6,44)

.A)comparingB)comparedC)tocompareD)compare

________hishomework,theschoolboydashedtotheplaygroundtojoinhisfriendsinthegame.(03/6,48)

XXXXXX.A)FinishedB)WithfinishingC)FinishingD)Tofinish

YYYYYY.

AsaruleMr.Smithwentforawalkaftersupper,________byawhitelapdog.(03/6,52)

ZZZZZZ.A)followingB)followedC)tofollowD)havingfollowedAAAAAAA.

Theboylookedatthestrangercarefully,_______whohecouldbe.

(03/12,42)

BBBBBBB.A)towonderB)wonderedC)wonderingD)havingwondered

CCCCCCC.

______inthisway，thesituationdoesn'tseemsodisappointing.

(00/1,68,CET-4)

A)TolookatB)LookingatC)LookedatD)TobelookedatDDDDDDD.

Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo_______bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.

A)unrecordedB)tobeunrecordedC)unrecordingD)tohavebeen

unrecorded(00/6,26,CET-4)

EEEEEEE.

_______inarecentsciencecompetition,thethreestudentswereawardedscholarshipstotaling$21,000.

A)JudgedthebestB)Judgingthebest

(01/1,46,CET-4)

FFFFFFF.C)TobejudgedthebestD)Havingjudgedthebest

GGGGGGG.

________intheUnitedStates,St.Louishasnowbecomethe24thlargestcity.(01/6,60,CET-4)

A)BeingthefourthbiggestcityC)Oncethefourthbiggestcity

B)ItwasoncethefourthbiggestcityD)ThefourthbiggestcityitwasHHHHHHH.

Hewasn'tappointedchairmanofthecommittee,________notverypopularwithallitsmembers.

A)tobeconsideredC)beingconsidered

(02/1,53,CET-4)

B)consideringD)havingconsidered

IIIIIII.

Weleftthemeeting,thereobviously___________nopointinstaying.

(02/6,58,CET-4)

A)wereB)beingC)tobeD)having

Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completely________totheoutsideworld.(03/1,43,CET-4)

JJJJJJJ.A)havingbeenlostB)tobeloseC)losingD)lost(belostto)

KKKKKKK.3.分词作定语

LLLLLLL.分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。

He'saspoiltchild．

ThemanstandingoverthereisourEnglishteacher.

MMMMMMM.4.分词作宾语补足语

NNNNNNN.分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。

OOOOOOO.常用的感觉动词主要有：see，hear，notice，watch，find，observe，smell,etc.

PPPPPPP.常用的使役动词主要有：Set，have，keep，leave，set，make，let,etc.Q.此外，分词还可在want，like，wish，order等表示希翼、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。

RRRRRRR.Shewatchedherbabysleeping．

SSSSSSS.Igotmyhaircut．

TTTTTTT.Idon'twantyouworryingaboutme.．

UUUUUUU.

Theyhadtheirnewhouse________intheearthquakelastweek.

(02/6,52)

VVVVVVV.A)bedestroyedB)beingdestroyedC)tobedestroyedD)destroyed

W.

Asamember,hetiredhardtomakehisvoice________inthecommittee.

(03/6,46)

XXXXXXX.A)heardB)hearC)hearingD)beheard

Thewoundedsoldierhadthemessage________straighttothearmycommander.(03/12,46)

YYYYYYY.A)sentB)tosendC)tobesentD)beingsentZZZZZZZ.

CornoriginatedintheNewWorldandthuswasnotknowninEuropeuntilColumbusfoundit______inCuba.

（00/1，45,CET-4）

A)beingcultivatedB)beencultivatedC)havingcultivatedD)

cultivating

AAAAAAAA.

Youwillseethisproduct_______whereveryougo.（00/6，30,CET-4）BBBBBBBB.A)tobeadvertisedB)advertisedC)advertiseD)advertising

CCCCCCCC.

Withthedevelopmentinscienceandtechnologymancanmakevariousflowers_________beforetheirtime.

A)bebloomedB)bloomC)bloomedD)blooming（01/6，

36,CET-4）

DDDDDDDD.

Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers__________ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.

A)informB)informingC)beinformedD)informed（01/6，

54,CET-4）

EEEEEEEE.5、分词与连词的连用

FFFFFFFF.分词可与各种连词(如：when，while，once，until，if，unless，though，although，evenif，as，asif，asthough等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。

GGGGGGGG.eg.She'llgetnervouswhenspeakinginpublic．

HHHHHHHH.Hewentontalking，thoughcontinuallyinterrupted．

Though_________inabigcity,Peteralwayspreferstopainttheprimitivescenesofcountrylife.

IIIIIIII.A)grownB)raisedC)tendedD)cultivated（03/1，32,CET-4）

JJJJJJJJ.6、分词的自立结构

KKKKKKKK.分词作状语时，其规律主语与句子的主语应当全都；否则，分词应有自己的规律主语，构成分词的自立结构。自立结构普通位于句首，作陪同状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。

LLLLLLLL.分词的自立结构由“名词、代词+分词”构成，可以表示时光、缘由、条件、方式或陪同状况等。

MMMMMMMM.eg.Weatherpermitting，thefootballmatchwillbeplayedonWednesday．

NNNNNNNN.Hersonhavingbeensenttoschool，shebegantodosomeshopping．OOOOOOOO.Hereturnedthreedayslater，hisfacecoveredwithmudandhisclothestornintopieces．

PPPPPPPP.Thereweretwopartiesyesterdayevening，eachattendedbysomestudents。.

Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_____onbenches,chairsorboxes.

A)havingseatedB)seatingC)seatedD)havingbeenseated

（00/1，46,CET-4）

RRRRRRRR.

Somanydirectors_______,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.

（01/1，58,CET-4）

SSSSSSSS.A)wereabsentB)beenabsentC)hadbeenabsentD)beingabsent

TTTTTTTT.

Allthetasks________aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.（01/6，56,CET-4）

A)beenfulfilledB)havingbeenfulfilledC)werefulfilledD)hadbeen

fulfilled

UUUUUUUU.

Allflights________becauseoftheterribleweather,theyhadtogotherebytrain.（02/1，67,CET-4）

A)havingbeencanceledC)havingcanceled

B)hadbeencanceledD)werecanceled

VVVVVVVV.7、with引导的自立主格结构的构成办法及应用

WW.With+名词/代词+形容词

XXXXXXXX.Hesleepswiththewindowsopeneveninwinter.

YYYYYYYY.With+名词/代词+介词短语

Thewomancameintotheofficewithamobiletelephoneinherhand.

ZZZZZZZZ.With+名词/代词+副词

Withtheshiftover,wewenttoseethefilm.

AAAAAAAAA.With+名词/代词+动词的现在分词

Withmorepeoplehelpingthem,theywillbeabletoaccomplishthetaskaheadoftime.

BBBBBBBBB.With+名词/代词+动词的过去分词

Withthequestionsettled,theywerehappyandrelaxed.CCCCCCCCC.With+名词/代词+不定式

DDDDDDDDD.Heknewthatwithhimtohelpher,shecouldsucceed.

EEEEEEEEE.注：Without也能引导自立结构。

Iwouldn’tdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.

FFFFFFFFF.8.垂悬分词短语作状语。

GGGGGGGGG.垂悬分词是一种具有自立性的分词，在句中作状语时，它的规律主语不必与句子的主语保持全都。常见的垂悬分词有：regarding(关于),concerning，considering，assuming(假设)，admitting(that),granting/granted(that),seeing(that),judgingfrom,generallyspeaking,allowingfor(考虑到),etc.

Hedidabadjobconcerninghisexperience.

judgingfromthenumberofcars,therewerenotmanypeopleattheclubyet.

二、虚拟语气

HHHHHHHHH.虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实或与事实相反。

IIIIIIIII.BasicVerbs

JJJJJJJJJ.eg.Thejudgeinsistedthatthecaucusedmanappearinprison.KKKKKKKKK.ontheaccusedmanappearinginprison.

LLLLLLLLL.Werecommendthataneutralchairmanbeappointed.

N.Verbs(themeaningoftheNaresimilarwiththeVerb)

MMMMMMMMM.eg.TheboardhasgiventheinstructionthattheagentflyBoston.NNNNNNNNN.Youradvicethathewaitnextweekisreasonable.

Adj.N.

OOOOOOOOO.eg.Itisappropriatethatthistaxbeabolished.

PPPPPPPPP.Itisnecessarythathecomewithoutlate.

Q.常考的几种虚拟语气句型：

1.表示现在／过去／未来状况的虚拟条件句RRRRRRRRR.虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：

1)表示与现在状况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+动词

原形",从句谓语用“动词的普通过去时”(动词be的过去式一律用were)。

IfIwereyou，Iwouldnotaccepthisoffer．

IfIhadtime，1wouldcertainlygotothecinemawithyou．SSSSSSSSS.2)表示与过去状况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+have+过去分词"，从句谓语用过去完成时。

TTTTTTTTT.eg.IfIhadgetupalittleearlier，Iwouldn'thavemissedthetrainUUUUUUUUU.IfIhadbeenmorecareful，Imighthavepassedthatexam．VVVVVVVVV.

Theplantswouldhavegrownallrightifshe______themproperly.

(99/6,53)

.A)hadwateredB)wateredC)haswatered

D)waters

XXXXXXXXX.

Thingsmighthavebeenmuchworseifthemother_______onherrighttokeepthebaby.

A)hasbeeninsistingC)wouldinsist（02/1，

59,CET-4）

B)hadinsistedD)insisted

YYYYYYYYY.3)表示与未来状况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+动词原形”，从句谓语用"were+动词不定式”或"should+动词原形”。

IfIweretodothejob，Iwouldnotbeabletohaveenoughtimetostudy．

Ifitshouldraintomorrow，Iwouldnotgooutwithyou．ZZZZZZZZZ.2.虚拟条件句衔接词if的省略

AAAAAAAAAA.假如虚拟条件句的从句中含有were，had，should，could等词时，可以省略衔接词if，但这时必需把were，had，should，could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。

BBBBBBBBBB.WereItodothejob，Iwouldfinishdoingitwithintwoweeks．CCCCCCCCCC.Haditnotbeenforhishelp，wecouldn'thavearrivedthereontime．DDDDDDDDDD.Shoulditraintomorrow，Iwouldstayathome．EEEEEEEEEE.3.wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成

FFFFFFFFFF.动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不行能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。

1)表示现在不行能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用普通过

去时(be的过去式为were)。

GGGGGGGGGG.eg.IwishIhadenoughmoneytobuyacar．

HHHHHHHHHH.IwishIwereasyoungandenergeticasyou.

IIIIIIIIII.

SometimesIwishI______inadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.

（00/1，58,CET-4）

A)belivingB)werelivingC)wouldliveD)wouldhavelivedJJJJJJJJJJ.2)表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时(had+过去分词)或"would／could+have+过去分词”。

IwishIhadn'tmadesuchamistake．

IwishIcouldhavedoneitbetter．

KKKKKKKKKK.

Jackwishesthathe________businessinsteadofhistorywhenhewasinuniversity.（01/6，50,CET-4）

A)studiedB)studyC)hadbeenstudyingD)hadstudiedLLLLLLLLLL.3)表示未来不行能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用"would／should(could，might)+动词原形"。

IwishIwouldnotgetold．

IwishIcouldtravelaroundtheworldoneday

MMMMMMMMMM.4.某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气

NNNNNNNNNN.在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类动词普通表示命令，要求，打算，建议，主见等概念，主要有：advise，ask，command，decide，Decree(命令，宣布)，demand，desire，direct，insist，move（提议），order，allow,propose，pray,prefer,recommend（推举，劝说），request，require，suggest，Vote（表决）等。OOOOOOOOOO.eg.Theworkersdemandedthattheirwages(should)beraisedby

10percent.

PPPPPPPPPP.Theteacherdecidedthatyoudotheexperimentfirst．.

Heleninsistedthatshe______someoneknockingatthedoor.

(99/6,47)

RRRRRRRRRR.A)hadheardB)hasheardC)washearing

D)shouldhaveheard

SSSSSSSSSS.TheteachersallrecommendedthatGerman______thefirstelectivesubjectinthissemester.(03/1,52)

TTTTTTTTTT.A)beB)mustbeC)isD)wasUUUUUUUUUU.

Mike'suncleinsists______inthishotel.

（00/1，52,CET-4）

A)stayingnotB)nottostayC)thathewouldnotstayD)

thathenotstay

VVVVVVVVVV.5.某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气W.在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类名词普通表示命令，要求，打算，建议，主见等概念，主要有：advice，idea，instruction，insistence(坚持),motion，order，plan，proposal，recommendation，request，requirement，suggestion，等。XXXXXXXXXX.eg.Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)sendforadoctorimmediately．

YYYYYYYYYY.

Yourproposalthatshe______tillnextweekiswise.(00/12,

55)

ZZZZZZZZZZ.A)waitB)waitingC)willwaitD)waitedAAAAAAAAAAA.

Thesuggestionthatthemayor_______theyprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.（00/6，30,CET-4）

A)wouldpresentB)presentC)presentsD)oughttopresentBBBBBBBBBBB.

Manyadelegatewasinfavorofhisproposalthataspecialcommittee_______toinvestigatetheincident.

A)weresetupB)wassetupC)besetupD)setup（02/1，

47,CET-4）

CCCCCCCCCCC.6.错综时光条件句

DDDDDDDDDDD.条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时光是不全都的，如从句是对过去状况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在举行状况的假设，这种句子称为错综时光条件句。

EEEEEEEEEEE.eg.Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable，thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter．

IfI__________harderatschool,Iwouldbesittinginacomfortableofficenow.（03/1，35,CET-4）

FFFFFFFFFFF.A)workedB)weretoworkC)hadworkedD)wereworking

GGGGGGGGGGG.7.某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气

HHHHHHHHHHH.某些表示命令，要求，打算，建议，主见以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类主语从句普通由“Itis(was)+形容词／过去分词+that引导的从句”构成。

IIIIIIIIIII.该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable(合理的)，appropriate(适当的)，crucial(紧要关头的),desirable，essential(紧要的)，imperative(迫切的)，important，insistent(坚持的),necessary，obligatory，proper，preferable(更可取的),strange(不行思议的),urgent(紧迫的)，vital(极其重要的)等；

JJJJJJJJJJJ.常用的过去分词主要有：arranged，decided，demanded，desired，ordered，proposed，recommended，requested，suggested等。

KKKKKKKKKKK.eg.Itisnecessarythatyou(should)stopsmokingsoheavily.LLLLLLLLLLL.Itisarrangedthatyou(should)enterforthiscompetition．MMMMMMMMMMM.

Itisvitalthatshe________ajobtosupportherfamily.

(02/6,46)

NNNN