成人高等教育学士学位英语考试复习要点

1成人高等教育学士学位英语考试复习要点一、考试题型：词汇与语法、完形填空、阅读、翻译、写作二、语法结构表（Grammar Category）1、名词的复数形式和所有格（1）名词的复数形式名词的规则复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加s 或es；名词的不规则复数形式不是以词尾加s 或es 构成，其构成方法需要记忆：e.g. footfeet manmen toothteeth womanwomen（2）名词的所有格名词的属格表示所属关系，它有两种不同的形式：一是由名词末尾加s 构成（有-s 或-es 的复数名词末尾只加） ；二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。如：e.g. Uncle Toms Cabin the two boys mother the title of the book几个词作为一个单位时， s 应加在最后一个词的末尾e.g. the Queen of Englands throne表示各自的所有关系时，名词末尾均需加s ，如不是这样，仅在最后一词末尾加s ，即表示他们共同的所有关系。试比较：John and Susans desk（约翰和苏珊共用的书桌）Johns and Susans desk（约翰和苏珊各自的书桌）s 属格后的名词如指商店、家宅等地点时，该名词也常省略：e.g. at the doctors（在诊所） to my uncles（到我叔叔家）2、人称代词/物主代词/反身代词（1）人称代词主格：I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格：me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them（2）物主代词形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs2（3）反身代词（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身，表强调或加强语气）myself, yourself, himself, herself. Itself, ourselves; yourselves, themselves, oneselfe.g. Please help yourself to some tea.I want to speak to the director himself.3、句子和句子成分Sentence 是具有主语部分和谓语部分并有完整意义的可以独立的一组词。在英语中，sentence的基本结构有下列种：（）主语谓语（SV） e.g. Day dawns.（）主语联系动词表语（SLP） e.g. Toms father is a professor.（）主语谓语宾语（SVO） e.g. Ruth understands French.（）主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语（SVOO） e.g. He told us the whole story.（）主语谓语主语补语（SVC） e.g. He died a poor man.（）主语谓语宾语宾语补语（SVOC） e.g. He found George intelligent.根据句子的结构，句子可分为：简单句：含一个主语（或并列主语）和谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。e.g. She came into the classroom and sat down.并列句：由等立连词把两个或两个以上的简单句（叫做分句）合成的句子。e.g. I came home early, but she remained to the end of the concert.复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句合成的句子。 e.g. He said he would come in the evening.（各类从句）根据句子的目的或用途来看，句子又可分为：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句4、动词的时态(1)一般现在时基本用法：表经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态，常和 always, often, usually, sometimes, every day 等表时间的状语连用。e.g. I go to school every day. My father gets up very early.Note: 一般现在时用于表将来的从句e.g. When I grow up Ill be a soldier.3Ill wait till he comes.(2)一般过去时基本用法：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表过去的状语连用，如 a minute ago, yesterday, last week, in 1900, during the night, in those days 等。e.g. They got married last year. It happened after three days.(3)一般将来时基本用法：表示单纯的将来事实，常用两个助动词 shall, will, 常和表将来的时间状语连用，如 tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, in a few days 等。e.g. Hell come next week.They say that it will be good weather tomorrow.Ill ask him as soon as he comes.(4)现在完成时动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响（或结果） ，而这种影响（或结果）却往往是说话人的兴趣所在，所以后面常常不用时间状语。e.g. The car has arrived.I have lost my pen.Have you ever seen the sea?Notes: 比较 have been 和 have goneI have been to the library. I have gone to the library.表持续的动作或状态时，常和 since, for 引导的词语连用。e.g. I have lived here for more than thirty years.I have been here since last October.(5)过去完成时基本用法与现在完成时相似，通俗地说，是“过去的过去” 。e.g. I had finished my homework before supper.When we got there the basketball match had already started.They had been married many years before a child was born to them.(6)将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响，常和助动词 shall, 4will 连用。e.g. I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.If you come at seven oclock, I shall not yet have finished dinner.(7)现在进行时基本用法：表现在（即说话人的说话时刻，或包括说话时刻在内的一段时间中）正在进行的动作，可与 now, at present, at this moment, these days 等时间状语连用，也可不用时间状语。e.g. What are you doing now, John?The telephone is ringing, would you answer it, please?George is translating a book now.Notes: 有些动词的现在进行时则表将来。e.g. He is dying. The fruit is ripening. I am finishing.(8)过去进行时基本用法：表过去某一时间（或某一段时间）正在进行的动作，也常和表过去的时间状语连用。e.g. I was practicing the violin at eight oclock yesterday evening.When I called him, he was having dinner.They were expecting you yesterday.（表示“一直在等” ）(9)将来进行时基本用法：表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。这个时态一般不表意愿，常表已安排好之事，给人一中期待之感。它一般只表离现在较近的将来，与表将来的时间状语连用。e.g. What will you be doing this time tomorrow？Youll be hearing from me.（10）现在完成进行时主要用法：表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，下列动词常用于这个时态：live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study 等，常和下列时间状语连用：all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently, 以及 since, for 引导的时间状语短语连用。e.g. What have you been doing all this time?Ive been writing letters all this morning.He is ill. Hes been lying in the bed for three weeks.55、主语和谓语的一致（牢记邻近原则）e.g. He or I am in the wrong.He or his brothers were to blame.Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.Neither he nor they are mistaken.6、it 的用法(1)it 用作引词（anticipatory ）作形式主语，真实主语可为不定式，动名词，主语从句e.g. It was his duty to attend to the matters.Its no use saying any more about what I think.It seems that he is rich.作形式宾语，真实宾语可谓不定式，动名词，宾语从句e.g. I find it easy enough to get on with Pam.You must find it exciting working here.I think it best that you should stay here.(2)it 用于强调结构结构：It is (was)被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语） who(that)e.g. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.It was my two sisters who knew her best.（保持时态一致）It was yesterday I first noticed it.7、倒装语序(1)完全倒装（complete inversion） ，即将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来e.g. With the development of typewriter came the most advanced typewriter, the multi-printer, which produces high quality printing.(主语较长而谓语较短)The hammer is missing and so are the nails.(由 neither, nor, so 引出的句子)From the classroom came the loud voice of the person who was making a speech.(作为地点状语的介词短语置于句首)(2)部分倒装（partial inversion） ，将助动词（包括情态助动词）移至主语之前6e.g. Only on special occasions can you wear this black dress.（句首为 only状语）Not a single clue could the police find.(句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语：never, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, not until, no soonerhad, not onlybut also, etc.)Do what you will, you cant change this situation.(某些让步状语从句)Had it not been for the shortage of funds, the hotel could have been built.(省略了 if 的非真实条件句)8、动词不定式不定式不能在句中单独用作谓语，但可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。e.g. To see is to believe.The important thing is to save lives.She likes to play with the child.It was a game to remember.I stayed there to see what would happen.I want you to be happy.He was seen to enter the hall.“for名（代）词不定式”结构e.g. Its just inconceivable for a child to do that job.“of名词（或代词宾格）不定式”结构Its kind of you to say so.“疑问词不定式”结构疑问词 who, what, which, when, where, how 后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。e.g. When to start has not been decided.9、动名词由动词原型加词尾-ing 构成，与现在分词的构成法一样，同时具有动词特征与名词特征。可用作主语，表语，宾语，定语，补语。e.g. Seeing is believing.The main thing is getting there in time.Have you finished reading the book?Everybody was at his fighting post.7This is called turning things upside down.动名词复合结构复合结构：名词属格或物主代词后加动名词，前者是后者的逻辑主语，这种复合结构在句中多用作主语或宾语。e.g. Sophias having seen them did not surprise us.I cant bear his staying up so late.有些动名词在句中具有主动形式，但含有被动的意义e.g. The house needs repairing.If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.10、现在分词和过去分词（1）现在分词构成：由动词原形加词尾ing 构成，与动名词的构成一致。与动名词的区别：现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系；动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质，二者在逻辑上无主谓关系。e.g. a sleeping child(a child is sleeping) a sleeping car 卧车用法：用作表语，定语，状语，补语e.g. The news is encouraging.She is a charming child.Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.现在分词独立结构：现在分词可有其独立的逻辑主语。这种主语常常是名词或代词主语，置于现在分词之前，二者构成一种分词独立结构。e.g. The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off.Weather permitting, well have the match tomorrow.（2）过去分词构成：规则动词加 ed，不规则动词表用法：用作表语，定语，状语，补语e.g. Hes gone.Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?Seen in the light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.8You must make yourself respected.过去分词独立结构：过去分词的独立主语常由名词或代词主格担任，一般置于过去分词之前。e.g. This done, we went home.Given time, he would win by perseverance.11、虚拟语气（1）非真实条件句所表的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆需用虚拟语气，详见下表：条件从句 结果主句与现在事实相反If人称代词动词过去式（be 的过去式用 were）人称代词should/would 动词原形与过去事实相反 If人称代词had过去分词人称代词should/would have过去分词与将来事实相反If人称代词动词过去式（be 的过去式用 were）If人称代词were to动词原形If人称代词should 动词原形人称代词should/would 动词原形e.g. If I knew the answer to all your questions, Id be a genius.We should have dropped by if we had had time.If I made a mistake, I should try to remedy it.If he should see me, he would know me.（2）were, had, should 等置于主语之前在书面语中，条件从句可以不用连词 if，而将谓语中的过去式 were, had, should 等移至主语之前。e.g. Were you in my position, you would do the same.Had he been in your position, hed probably have done the same.Had I time, I would come.（3）虚拟语气还可用于各类从句中9主语从句：常用句型结构如 It is/was important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that句型， It is/was desired(suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc.)that句型e.g. It is important that we should speak politely.It is desired that this rule shall be brought to the attention of the staff.宾语从句，常用动词有 wish, demand, suggest, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire, etc.e.g. I wish I got more letters.He suggested that we should leave early.I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once.表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词是 should动词原形，句子主语常常是：suggestion, proposal, idea, motion, etc.e.g. My suggestion is that we should tell him.There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.定语从句，常用在 It is time(that)句型中e.g. It is time we left.It is time we went to bed.12、复合句构成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同处在于，从句须由一个关联词引导。引导从句的关联词共有下列 7 类：从属连词：if, because, although, as疑问代词：who, which, whom, what, whose疑问副词：when, where, how, why关系代词：who, which, whom, whose, that关系副词：when, where, why缩合连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whichever缩合连接副词：when, where, why, whether, if(1)主语从句e.g. That we shall be late is certain.It is certain that we shall be late.(it 作形式主语)10（2）表语从句e.g. The problem is who we can get to replace her.His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.(3)宾语从句e.g. I underst