基于多台潜水泵的PLC控制系统设计说明书论文
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文设计(论文)题目： Robotics 学生姓名： 刘升 学 号： 1404401016 专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化（专转本） 所在学院： 机电工程学院 指导教师： 陈曼华 职 称： 副教授 2016 年 03 月 07 日The sensor传感器Thermal resistance temperature sensorsLow temperature zone is the most commonly used in thermal resistance temperature sensor is a temperature detector. Its main characteristic is high accuracy, stable performance. Among them is platinum thermal resistance measurement accuracy is the highest, it is not only widely used in industrial temperature measurement, and is made into standard benchmark instrument.温度传感器热电阻：温度传感器热电阻是中低温区最常用的一种温度检测器。它的主要特点是测量精度高，性能稳定。其中铂热是阻的测量精确度是最高的，它不仅广泛应用于工业测温，而且被制成标准的基准仪。Temperature sensors thermal resistance temperature measurement principle and materialTemperature sensors thermal resistance temperature measurement is based on the metal conductor resistance value increases with the increase of the temperature of the properties for temperature measurement. Thermal resistance temperature sensor mostly made of pure metal materials, the application at present most is platinum and copper, in addition, now has started using survey, nickel, manganese and rhodium materials such as thermal resistance temperature sensors.温度传感器热电阻测温原理及材料：温度传感器热电阻测温是基于金属导体的电阻值随温度的增加而增加这一特性来进行温度测量的。温度传感器热电阻大都由纯金属材料制成，目前应用最多的是铂和铜，此外，现在已开始采用甸、镍、锰和铑等材料制造温度传感器热电阻。Thermal resistance temperature sensor structure: (1) master type: the temperature sensor resistance from the temperature sensor of thermal resistance temperature measurement principle, the measured the change in temperature is directly measured by the change of the temperature sensor is proposed. theoretical, therefore, resistance temperature sensor to the lead wire and so on all kinds of wire resistance change will affect temperature measurement. As to eliminate the influence of the lead resistance with the three wire or four wire system. (2) armoring heat resistance temperature sensors Armored thermal resistance temperature sensor consists of thermal element (resistance), wire, insulation materials, stainless steel casing combination solid body, its diameter is generally from 2 to 8 mm, minimum of phi mm . Compared with the normal thermal resistance temperature sensor, it has the following advantages: (1) small volume, no internal air gap and thermal inertia, small measuring hysteresis;(2) good mechanical properties, resistance to vibration and shock.(3) can bend, easy to install (4) long service life.(3) end face temperature sensor resistance end face temperature sensor resistance heat element resistance wire winding by special processing, close to the face in the thermometer. It is compared with general axial thermal resistance temperature sensor, can more accurately and quickly to reflect the actual temperature of end face, is suitable for measuring temperature bearing and other parts of the face.(4) the flameproof thermal resistance temperature sensor flameproof thermal resistance temperature sensor through the special structure of the junction box, its shell internal explosive mixed gas by affected by sparks or electric arc explosion limit within the junction box, that wouldnt make production field explosion. Flameproof thermal resistance temperature sensor can be used in the B la B3c zone with explosion danger place temperature measurement. Temperature sensor of thermal resistance temperature measurement system composition: temperature sensors thermal resistance temperature measurement system by thermal resistance temperature sensor, connecting wires and commonly display instrument, etc .Must pay attention to the following two points: (1) heat resistance temperature sensor and display instrument index number must be consistent(2) in order to eliminate the influence of the connection wire resistance change, must use three wire connection.温度传感器热电阻的结构：（1）精通型温度传感器热电阻：从温度传感器热电阻的测温原理可知，被测温度的变化是直接通过温度传感器热电阻阻值的变化来测量的，因此，温度传感器热电阻体的引出线等各种导线电阻的变化会给温度测量带来影响。为消除引线电阻的影响同般采用三线制或四线制.（2）铠装温度传感器热电阻 铠装温度传感器热电阻是由感温元件（电阻体）、引线、绝缘材料、不锈钢套管组合而成的坚实体，它的外径一般为 28mm，最小可达 m m。与普通型温度传感器热电阻相比，它有下列优点：体积小，内部无空气隙，热惯性上，测量滞后小；机械性能好、耐振，抗冲击；能弯曲，便于安装使用寿命长。（3）端面温度传感器热电阻 端面温度传感器热电阻感温元件由特殊处理的电阻丝材绕制，紧贴在温度计端面。它与一般轴向温度传感器热电阻相比，能更正确和快速地反映被测端面的实际温度，适用于测量轴瓦和其他机件的端面温度。（4）隔爆型温度传感器热电阻 隔爆型温度传感器热电阻通过特殊结构的接线盒，把其外壳内部爆炸性混合气体因受到火花或电弧等影响而发生的爆炸局限在接线盒内，生产现场不会引超爆炸。隔爆型温度传感器热电阻可用于BlaB3c级区内具有爆炸危险场所的温度测量。温度传感器热电阻测温系统的组成：温度传感器热电阻测温系统一般由温度传感器热电阻、连接导线和显示仪表等组成。必须注意以下两点：温度传感器热电阻和显示仪表的分度号必须一致为了消除连接导线电阻变化的影响，必须采用三线制接法。Along with the development of The Times, scientific research, agriculture, h v ac , textile, machine room, aerospace, power and other industrial sector, increasingly need to adopt the humidity sensor, the requirement for the quality of products industry, higher and higher, to the environment temperature and humidity control and monitoring and analysis of the industrial material moisture value have become one of the common technical conditions. And humidity measurement humidity sensor products belong to the rise of industry in the 90 s. How to use good humidity sensor, to judge the performance of humidity sensor, for the average user, this remains a more complex technical problems.随着时代的发展，科研、农业、暖通、纺织、机房、航空航天、电力等工业部门，越来越需要采用湿度传感器，对产品质量的要求越业越高，对环境温、湿度的控制以及对工业材料水份值的监测与分析都已成为比较普遍的技术条件之一。湿度传感器产品及湿度测量属于 90年代兴起的行业。如何使用好湿度传感器，如何判断湿度传感器的性能，这对一般用户来讲，仍是一件较为复杂的技术问题。 A, the classification of the humidity sensor and moisture characteristicsHumidity sensor, divided into two kinds of resistive and capacitive, the basic form of products are formed in the substrate coating moisture material wet film. Water vapor adsorption on feeling after wet materials in the air, the impedance of the element, the dielectric constant of the great changes happened, thus make moisture sensor. Each manufacturer has different levels of humidity sensor products both at home and abroad, the quality price difference is bigger, the user how to choose the ideal optimal price-performance products have certain difficulty, need to have a understanding in this respect. Humidity sensor has the following features:一、湿度传感器的分类及感湿特点 湿度传感器，分为 电阻式 和 电容式 两种，产品的基本形式都为在基片涂覆感湿材料形成感湿膜。空气中的水蒸汽吸附于感湿材料后，元件的阻抗、介质常数发生很大的变化，从而制成湿敏元件。国内外各厂家的湿度传感器产品水平不一，质量价格都相差较大，用户如何选择性能价格比最优的理想产品确有一定难度，需要在这方面作深入的了解。湿度传感器具有如下特点： 1, the accuracy and long-term stabilityHumidity sensor accuracy should be + / - 2% + / - 5% RH, to reach this level it is difficult to used as measuring instruments, the humidity sensor to achieve the accuracy of plus or minus 2% + 3% RH is relatively difficult, usually feature is given in the product information at room temperature (20 plus or minus 10 ) and clean gas measurement. In actual use, due to the influence of the dust, oil pollution and harmful gas, use a long time, will produce aging, precision, accuracy level should combine the long-term stability of the humidity sensor to judge, in general, long-term stability and service life is the first problem, affecting the quality of humidity sensor drift quantity control in the level of 1% RH products rarely, usually in the plus or minus 2%, even higher.1、 精度和长期稳定性 湿度传感器的精度应达到2%5%RH，达不到这个水平很难作为计量器具使用，湿度传感器要达到2%3%RH 的精度是比较困难的，通常产品资料中给出的特性是在常温（2010）和洁净的气体中测量的。在实际使用中，由于尘土、油污及有害气体的影响，使用时间一长，会产生老化，精度下降，湿度传感器的精度水平要结合其长期稳定性去判断，一般说来，长期稳定性和使用寿命是影响湿度传感器质量的头等问题，年漂移量控制在 1%RH水平的产品很少，一般都在2%左右，甚至更高。 2, the temperature coefficient of humidity sensorMoisture sensor in addition to the humidity sensitive to the environment, is also very sensitive to temperature, the temperature coefficient is in commonly 0.2 0.8% RH / range, and some moisture sensor under different relative humidity, its temperature coefficient and difference. WenPiao nonlinear, this needs to be in the circuit and temperature compensation. By single chip microcomputer software compensation, or without temperature compensation of humidity sensor is not the full temperature range of the precision of the linearization of the humidity sensor WenPiao curve directly affect the compensation effect, the nonlinear WenPiao tend to compensate can not make good results, only follow sex USES the hardware temperature compensation will get real compensation effect. Humidity sensor working temperature range is also important parameters. Most of the moisture sensor is difficult to work in 40 above normal.2、 湿度传感器的温度系数 湿敏元件除对环境湿度敏感外，对温度亦十分敏感，其温度系数一般在0.20.8%RH/范围内，而且有的湿敏元件在不同的相对湿度下，其温度系数又有差别。温漂非线性，这需要在电路上加温度补偿式。采用单片机软件补偿，或无温度补偿的湿度传感器是保证不了全温范围的精度的，湿度传感器温漂曲线的线性化直接影响到补偿的效果，非线性的温漂往往补偿不出较好的效果，只有采用硬件温度跟随性补偿才会获得真实的补偿效果。湿度传感器工作的温度范围也是重要参数。多数湿敏元件难以在 40以上正常工作。 Humidity sensor power supply: metal oxide ceramics, polymer and lithium chloride humidity sensitive material applied dc voltage, can lead to performance change, even failure, so this kind of humidity sensor cant use dc voltage or dc component of ac voltage. Must be an alternating current power supply.Interchangeability: at present, there is a widespread phenomenon of poor interchangeability humidity sensor, the same type of sensors are not interchangeable, seriously affecting the effects of using, to add to the difficulty, maintenance, debugging, some manufacturers has made efforts in this regard, (but the interchangeability still is poor) has obtained the good effect.Humidity correction: humidity correction is much more difficult than the correction of temperature. Often with a standard thermometer for temperature calibration, calibration standard is difficult to achieve, and humidity dry wet bulb and some common pointer hygrometer cant be used as a calibration, accuracy cannot be guaranteed, because of its environmental conditions are very strict, in general, (under the condition of humidity environment suitable for best) in the absence of a perfect test equipment, usually with simple saturated salt solution test, and to measure its temperature.湿度传感器的供电：金属氧化物陶瓷，高分子聚合物和氯化锂等湿敏材料施加直流电压时，会导致性能变化，甚至失效，所以这类湿度传感器不能用直流电压或有直流成份的交流电压。必须是交流电供电。 互换性 ：目前，湿度传感器普遍存在着互换性差的现象，同一型号的传感器不能互换，严重影响了使用效果，给维修、调试增加了困难，有些厂家在这方面作出了种种努力，（但互换性仍很差）取得了较好效果。 湿度校正：校正湿度要比校正温度困难得多。温度标定往往用一根标准温度计作标准即可，而湿度的标定标准较难实现，干湿球温度计和一些常见的指针式湿度计是不能用来作标定的，精度无法保证，因其要求环境条件非常严格，一般情况，（最好在湿度环境适合的条件下）在缺乏完善的检定设备时，通常用简单的饱和盐溶液检定法，并测量其温度。 Second, several methods on the performance of humidity sensor makes a preliminary judgmentIn actual humidity sensor calibration difficult circumstances, there are some simple method to determine the humidity sensor performance and inspection.1, consistency judgement , the same type, same humidity sensor products best buy more than two at a time, the more the, together electricity detection output value, under the condition of relatively stable, observe the consistency of the test. If further testing, can record within 24 h intervals for a period of time, a day usually have high, medium and low three kinds of humidity and temperature conditions, can be more comprehensive observation of the consistency and stability of the product, including temperature compensation characteristics.2, with the mouth breath iced or use other means of humidification humidification of sensor, observe its sensitivity, repeatability, wet the dehumidifying performance, as well as the resolution, the highest range of products, etc.3, to the product box testing and closed box of two cases 。More are consistent, the thermal effect was observed.4, the product in high temperature and low temperature state (standard) according to the manual testing, and restore to the normal state of the record before testing and experiment comparison, examines the temperature adaptability of the product, and observe the consistency of the product.二、对湿度传感器性能作初步判断的几种方法 在湿度传感器实际标定困难的情况下，可以通过一些简便的方法进行湿度传感器性能判断与检查。 1、一致性判定，同一类型，同一厂家的湿度传感器产品最好一次购买两支以上，越多越说明问题，放在一起通电比较检测输出值，在相对稳定的条件下，观察测试的一致性。若进一步检测，可在 24h内间隔一段时间记录，一天内一般都有高、中、低 3种湿度和温度情况，可以较全面地观察产品的一致性和稳定性，包括温度补偿特性。 2、用嘴呵气或利用其它加湿手段对传感器加湿，观察其灵敏度、重复性、升湿脱湿性能，以及分辨率，产品的最高量程等。 3、对产品作开盒和关盒两种情况的测试。比较是否一致，观察其热效应情况。 4、对产品在高温状态和低温状态（根据说明书标准）进行测试，并恢复到正常状态下检测和实验前的记录作比较，考查产品的温度适应性，并观察产品的一致性情况。 The performance of the product will ultimately based on quality inspection department regular complete testing means. Saturated salt solution is used as the calibration, also can use famous brand product at testing, calibration for a long time in the process of product also should carry on the long-term use can be more comprehensive to judge the quality of the humidity sensor.产品的性能最终要依据质检部门正规完备的检测手段。利用饱和盐溶液作标定，也可使用名牌产品作比对检测，产品还应进行长期使用过程中的长期标定才能较全面地判断湿度传感器的质量。 Third, some analysis of the humidity sensor on the marketAppeared on the domestic market, a lot of humidity sensor products at home and abroad, the capacitive moisture sensor is relatively rare, a sense of wet type mainly for polymer materials, lithium chloride and metal oxide. Capacitive moisture sensor the advantage of fast response speed, small volume, good linearity and relatively stable, some products abroad also has high temperature performance. But to achieve the performance of the products for overseas brands, prices are more expensive. On the market to sell some of the capacitive moisture sensor low-priced products, tend to reach that level, linearity, consistency and repeatability are not very ideal, below 30% RH, more than 80% RH moisture section deformation is serious. Some products by single chip microcomputer compensation correction, make the humidity in “step“ jump, lower the accuracy, consistency is poor, the shortcomings of linear differential. Regardless of high grade or low grade of the capacitive moisture sensor, long-term stability is not ideal, the majority of the long-term use of drift, humidity-sensitive capacitance value changes to pF, 1% RH changes less than 0.5 pF, the capacitance value of drift of dozens of RH % error due to change often, most of the capacitive moisture sensor does not have the performance of the work under the above 40 temperature often failure and damage. Corrosion resistance of the capacitive moisture sensor is lacking, often high cleanliness requirements for environment, some products are light failure, electrostatic phenomena, such as metal oxide ceramic humidity-sensitive resistance, possesses the advantages of humidity-sensitive capacitance is the same, but the dust environment, ceramic pores blocked components will be failure, often adopts the e
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