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ca6140 车床 手柄 加工 工艺 规程 夹具 设计 工序 说明书 仿单 三维 proe 以及 cad 图纸

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文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 1 -目 录1 序言 .31.1 设计目的 .31.2 设计意义 .31.3 现状分析 .31.4 发展前景 .42 零件的分析 .52.1 零件的作用 .52.2 零件的工艺分析 .53 工艺规程设计 .63.1 确定毛坯的制造形式 .63.2 基面的选择 .63.2.1 粗基准的选择 .63.2.2 精基准的选择 .73.3 制定工艺路线 .73.4 机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定 .93.5 确定切削用量及基本工时 .124 夹具设计 .244.1 问题的提出 .244.2 夹具设计 .244.2.1 定位基准的选择和定位元件及其他元件设计选择 .244.2.2 切削力、夹紧力计算，夹紧装置的设计与选择 .254.2.3 定位误差分析 .264.2.4 夹具设计及操作的简要说明 .27总结 .28致谢 .29参考文献 .30附图 .32文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 2 -CA6140 车床手柄座工艺规程及夹具设计摘要：本次设计内容涉及了机械加工工艺及机床夹具设计、金属切削机床、公差配合等多方面的知识。此次我设计的 CA6140 车床手柄座工艺规程及夹具设计包括零件加工的工艺设计、工序设计以及专用夹具的设计三部分。在工艺设计中要首先对零件进行分析，了解零件的工艺再设计出毛坯的结构，并选择好零件的加工基准，关键是决定出各个工序的工艺设备及切削用量；然后进行专用夹具的设计，选择设计出夹具的各个组成部件，如定位元件、夹紧元件、引导元件、夹具体与机床的连接部件以及其它部件；计算出夹具定位时产生的定位误差，分析夹具结构的合理性与不足之处，并在以后设计中注意改进。关键词：工艺、手柄座、切削用量、夹紧、定位。文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 3 -文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 4 -文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 5 -文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 6 -文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 7 -1 序言1.1 设计目的毕业之前进行这次设计是为了给我们将要毕业的大学生一次进一步学习和锻炼的机会，文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 8 -在整个毕业设计中提高了我们的设计能力，具体设计目的如下：（1）培养我们解决机械加工工艺问题的能力（2）进一步培养我们识图、制图、运用和编写技术文件等基本技能（3）培养我们熟悉并运用有关手册、规范、图表等技术资料的能力1.2 设计意义我设计的课题是 CA6140 车床手柄座的工艺规程及夹具设计，设计的意义就在于，在设计过程中了解该零件存在的问题，找出解决这些问题的方法，通过自己的设计对该零件的结构进行进一步改进，以达到改善零件工作性能，提高零件工作效率的目的。对夹具创新设计的研究，对国内机械制造有着重要意义：（1） 保证加工精度采用夹具安装，可以准确地确定工件与机床、刀具之间的相互位置，工件的位置精度由夹具保证，不受工人技术水平的影响，其加工精度高且稳定。（2） 提高生产率、降低成本用夹具装夹工件，无需找正便能使工件迅速地定位和夹紧，显著地减少了辅助工时；用夹具装夹工件提高了工件的刚性，因此可加大切削用量；可以使用多件、多工位夹具装夹工件，并采用高效夹紧机构，这些因素均有利于提高劳动生产率。另外，采用夹具后，产品质量稳定，废品率下降，可以安排技术等级较低的工人，明显地降低了生产成本。（3） 扩大机床的工艺范围使用专用夹具可以改变原机床的用途和扩大机床的使用范围，实现一机多能。例如，在车床或摇臂钻床上安装镗模夹具后，就可以对箱体孔系进行镗削加工；通过专用夹具还可将车床改为拉床使用，以充分发挥通用机床的作用。（4） 减轻工人的劳动强度用夹具装夹工件方便、快速，当采用气动、液压等夹紧装置时，可减轻工人的劳动强度。1.3 现状分析手柄座已经广泛被用到各个技术领域，它的存在使机床的操作很方便，大大提高了工业领域生产的效率，随着技术的不断进步，生产都向着自动化、专业化和大批量化的方向发展。这就要求企业提高生产率，提高利用率。减少浪费，降低成本。现阶段国内手柄座的设计和制造还存在一些问题，设计水平不是很高，在零件的加工技术方面，国内技术水平还不及西方发达国家那么先进，这些问题急需得到解决。设计中包含机床夹具的设计，国内外机床夹具的发展现状分析：国际生产研究协会的统计表明，目前中、小批多品种生产的工件品种已占工件种类总数的 85%左右。现代生产要求企业所制造的产品品种经常更新换代，以适应市场的需求与竞争。然而，一般企业都仍习惯于大量采用传统的专用夹具，一般在具有中等生产能力的工厂里，约有数千甚至近万套专用夹具；另一方面，在多品种生产的企业中，每隔 3-4 年就要更新 50%-80%左右的文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 9 -专用夹具，而夹具的实际磨损量仅为 10%-20%左右。特别是近年来，数控机床、加工中心、成组技术、柔性制造系统等新加工技术的应用，对机床夹具提出了如下新的要求：（1） 能迅速而方便地装备新产品的投产，以缩短生产准备周期，降低生产成本；（2） 能装夹一组具有相似性特征的工件；（3） 能适用于精密加工的高精度机床夹具；（4） 能适用于各种现代化制造技术的新型机床夹具；（5） 采用以液压站等为动力源的高效夹紧装置，以进一步减轻劳动强度和提高劳动生产率；（6） 提高机床夹具的标准化程度。1.4 发展前景机床夹具是机械加工不可缺少的部件，机床技术向高速、高效、精密、复合、智能、环保方向发展，在其带动下，夹具技术正朝着高精、高效、模块、组合、通用、经济方向研究。（1） 高精化：高精机床加工精度提高，降低定位误差，提高加工精度对夹具制造精度要求，机床夹具精度已提高到微米级，世界知名夹具制造公司都是精密机械制造企业。诚然，适应不同行业需求和经济性，夹具有不同型号，以及不同档次精度标准供选择。（2） 高效化：提高机床生产效率，双面、四面和多件装夹夹具产品越来越多。减少工件安装时间，各种自动定心夹紧、精密平口钳、杠杆夹紧、凸轮夹紧、气动和液压夹紧等，快速夹紧功能部件不断推陈出新。新型电控永磁夹具，夹紧和松开工件只需 1-2 秒，夹具结构简化，为机床进行多工位、多面和多件加工创造了条件。（3） 模块、组合化：夹具元件模块化是实现组合化的基础。利用模块化设计系列化、标准化夹具元件，快速组装成各种夹具已成为夹具技术开发基点。省工、省时，节材、节能，体现各种先进夹具系统创新之中。模块化设计为夹具计算机辅助设计与组装打下了基础，应用 CAD 技术，可建立元件库、典型夹具库、标准和用户使用档案库，进行夹具优化设计，为用户三维实体组装夹具。（4） 通用、经济化：夹具通用性直接影响其经济性。采用模块、组合式夹具系统，一次性投资比较大，夹具系统可重组性、可重构性及可扩展性功能强，应用范围广，通用性好，夹具利用率高，收回投资快，才能体现出经济性好。德国戴美乐公司孔系列组合焊接夹具，仅用品种、规格很少的配套元件，即能组装成多种多样焊接夹具。元件功能强，使夹具通用性好，元件少而精，配套费用低，经济实用，很有推广应用价值。文件包含 CAD 图纸和三维建模及说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985- 10 -2 零件的分析2.1 零件的作用图 2-1 CA6140 车床手柄座零件图(CA6140 lathe handle seat detail drawings)题目所给的零件是 CA6140 车床的手柄座。它位于车床操作机构中，可同时操纵离合器和制动器，即同时控制主轴的开、停、换向和制动。操作过程如下：当手把控制手柄座向上扳动时，车床内部的拉杆往外移，则齿扇向顺时针方向转动，带动齿条轴往右移动，通过拨叉使滑套向右移，压下羊角形摆块的右角，从而使推拉杆向左移动，于是左离合器接合，主轴正转；同理，当手把控制手柄座向下扳动时，推拉杆右移，右离合器接合，主轴反转。当手把在中间位置时，推拉杆处于中间位置，左、右离合器均不接合，主轴的传动断开，此时齿条轴上的凸起部分正压在制动器杠杆的下端，制动带被拉紧，使主铀制动。手柄与该零件通过 mm 孔连接，机床内部零件通过 mm 孔与手柄座连接，即 CA6140 车2510床手柄座的作用是实现运动由外部到内部的传递。2.2 零件的工艺分析CA6140 车床手柄座有多处加工表面，其间有一定位置要求,分述如下：1以 为中心的加工表面825H这一组的加工表面有 的孔，以及上下端面，下端面为 的圆柱端面；孔壁上825H 45有距下端面 11mm、与 孔中心轴所在前视面呈 角的螺纹孔，尺寸为 M10，另外还30有一个尺寸为 6H9mm 的键槽，孔与键槽的总宽度为 27.3H10mm。工学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题 目：CA6140 车床手柄座加工工艺规程及夹具设计专 业：班 级：姓 名：学 号：指导教师：日 期：- 1 -外语文献翻译 原文：20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability, good surface finish and integrity, long tool life and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability. Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels. When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.) However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in - 2 -the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels. Calcium-Deoxidized steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (Casco) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds. Stainless steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferrite stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials. The effects of other elements in steels on machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels. Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation. Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability. In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embitterment of steels (liquid-metal embitterment, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties. Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability. 20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a - 3 -high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus. Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment. Cast gray irons are generally merchantable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are merchantable with hard tool materials. Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds. Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition of lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass. Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is hydrophobic). Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary. Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels. Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high. Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine. Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures. Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire. 20.9.3 Machinability of Various Materials Graphite is abrasive. It requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools. Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, and proper support of the work piece. Tools should be sharp. External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from C80 to C160 (F175 to F315), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature. Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics. Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delaminating are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers. The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2). Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material. 20.9.4 Thermally Assisted Machining- 4 -Metals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heata torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arcis forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter. It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the work piece. Also, the original microstructure of the work piece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride. SUMMARY Machinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables. 译文： 20.9 可机加工性 一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。2、刀具的寿命。3、切削力和功率的需求。4、切屑控制。以这种方式，好的可机加工性指的是好的表面光洁性和完整性，长的刀具寿命，低的切削力和功率需求。关于切屑控制，细长的卷曲切屑，如果没有被切割成小片，以在切屑区变的混乱，缠在一起的方式能够严重的介入剪切工序。因为剪切工序的复杂属性，所以很难建立定量地释义材料的可机加工性的关系。在制造厂里，刀具寿命和表面粗糙度通常被认为是可机加工性中最重要的因素。尽管已不再大量的被使用，近乎准确的机加工率在以下的例子中能够被看到。 20.9.1 钢的可机加工性因为钢是最重要的工程材料之一（正如第 5 章所示） ，所以他们的可机加工性已经被广泛地研究过。通过宗教铅和硫磺，钢的可机加工性已经大大地提高了。从而得到了所谓的易切削钢。二次硫化钢和二次磷化钢，硫在钢中形成硫化锰夹杂物（第二相粒子） ，这些夹杂物在第一剪切区引起应力。其结果是使切屑容易断开而变小，从而改善了可加工性。这些夹杂物的大小、形状、分布和集中程度显著的影响可加工性。化学元素如碲和硒，其化学性质与硫类似，在二次硫化钢中起夹杂物改性作用。钢中的磷有两个主要的影响。它加强铁素体，增加硬度。越硬的钢，形成更好的切屑形成和表面光洁性。需要注意的是软钢不适合用于有积屑瘤形成和很差的表面光洁性的机器。第二个影响是增加的硬度引起短切屑而不是不断的细长的切屑的形成，因此提高可加工性。含铅的钢，钢中高含量的铅在硫化锰夹杂物尖端析出。在非二次硫化钢中，铅呈细小而分散的颗粒。铅在铁、铜、铝和它们的合金中是不能溶解的。因为它的低抗剪强度。因此，铅充当固体润滑剂并且在切削时，被涂在刀具和切屑的接口处。这一特性已经被在机加工铅钢时，在切屑的刀具面表面有高浓度的铅的存在所证实。当温度足够高时例如，在高的切削速度和进刀速度下铅在刀具前直接熔化，并且充当液体润滑剂。除了这个作用，铅降低第一剪切区中的剪应力，减小切削力和功率消耗。铅能用于各种钢号，例如 10XX，11XX，12XX，41XX 等等。铅钢被第- 5 -二和第三数码中的字母 L 所识别（例如，10L45） 。 （需要注意的是在不锈钢中，字母 L 的相同用法指的是低碳，提高它们的耐蚀性的条件） 。然而，因为铅是有名的毒素和污染物，因此在钢的使用中存在着严重的环境隐患（在钢产品中每年大约有 4500 吨的铅消耗） 。结果，对于估算钢中含铅量的使用存在一个持续的趋势。铋和锡现正作为钢中的铅最可能的替代物而被人们所研究。一个重要的发展是脱氧钙钢，在脱氧钙钢中矽酸钙盐中的氧化物片的形成，这些片状，依次减小第二剪切区中的力量，降低刀具和切屑接口处的摩擦和磨损。温度也相应地降低。结果，这些钢产生更小的月牙洼磨损，特别是在高切削速度时更是如此。不锈钢，奥氏体钢通常很难机加工。振动能成为一个问题，需要有高硬度的机床。然而，铁素体不锈钢有很好的可机加工性。马氏体钢易磨蚀，易于形成积屑瘤，并且要求刀具材料有高的热硬度和耐月牙洼磨损性。经沉淀硬化的不锈钢强度高、磨蚀性强，因此要求刀具材料硬而耐磨。 钢中其它元素在可机加工性方面的影响，钢中铝和矽的存在总是有害的，因为这些元素结合氧会生成氧化铝和矽酸盐，而氧化铝和矽酸盐硬且具有磨蚀性。这些化合物增加刀具磨损，降低可机加工性。因此生产和使用净化钢非常必要。根据它们的构成，碳和锰钢在钢的可机加工性方面有不同的影响。低碳素钢（少于 0.15%的碳）通过形成一个积屑瘤能生成很差的表面光洁性。尽管铸钢的可机加工性和锻钢的大致相同，但铸钢具有更大的磨蚀性。刀具和模具钢很难用于机加工，他们通常再煅烧后再机加工。大多数钢的可机加工性在冷加工后都有所提高，冷加工能使材料变硬并且减