1月26日讲义专题二完形填空[1]

情态动词的基本用法一. can(could)的用法1 表示体力或脑力方面的能力，“能做，能够做”,be able to 在表示能力时与 can 同义，但可用于各种时态，强调通过努力克服困难成功地做成某事，相当于 managed to do 或 succeeded in doing。如 He can speak English. With the help of the firemen, the trapped people was able to leave the burning building. 2 表示“请求. 3.表示许可”，4 表示客观可能性“可能、会 ” 如：Everybody can make mistakes5 表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度（主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中）How can you be so careless?6.表常有的行为与情形。“有时会，时而可能”He can be careless sometimes.7.can not .too/enough8.否定句中表有把握的推测9. can not but docan not help but docan do nothing but do have no choice but to do 二.may 的用法1表征求意见 2. 表许可3表推测、“可能”4表祝愿。如：May you succeed! 5. may as well do/had better do may well do/be likely to do三. must(主观)的用法 注意： have to （客观） 1表“必须“ 2 mustnt 表“禁止”注意：交际用语Must I hand in the paper now?Yes, you must.No, you needn t. / you don t have to.3 “肯定句”中表推测 I think there must be a mistake，4 偏偏、硬要、干嘛(指做令人不快的事) 。如： Heyboys！ Must you shout so loudly?四shall 的用法1 用于一、三人称中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示2 用于二、三人称中表命令、许诺、警告、强制、威胁、法律法规的规定等。如：You shall have my answer tomorrow. ( 允诺 ) You shall do as l told you(命令或吩咐) 五should 的用法1.肯定句中表示，建议，或应尽义务或责任表“应该”，否定句中表建议2.表示预测可能性，并译作“可能，(按道理) 应该”They should come here now3.表 “竟然”及意外，惊异，失望，不理解。六will 和 would1.表示意愿 Come whenever you will.2.表意志和决心 I will not let you down again.3 表经常性或习惯性动作。(would 表过去经常性习惯性动作)He will always get up at six.4 表事物固有属性与倾向性 Fish will die without water.25 表请求、建议，would 语气更委婉 Would you please do me a favor?6.would rather do sth than do /would do sth rather than do /prefer to do sth rather than do七dare 与 need(情态/实义)注意：dared 为 dare 的过去式八情态动词+have done must have donecould (not)have donecan have done (否定或疑问句中表可能做了。)may have done Should (not)have doneneed not have done虚拟语气一：If 引导的虚拟语气与现在相反： If+主语+ did/were, 主 +should/would/could/might +do与过去相反： If+主语+had done, 主+should/would/could/might +havedone与将来相反:If+ 主语+should do, were to do， did/were, 主 +should/would/could/might +do注意：if 可以省略 需把从句中的助动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面，引导部分倒装。二：错综时间条件句有时条件从句谓语动词表示的动作和主句谓语表示的动作发生的时间不一致，这类句子称为错综时间条件句。此时主从句动词的形式应根据各自所表示的时间进行调整。If you had taken my advice then, you wouldnt be in trouble now.三：含蓄虚拟语气：with, without, but for, otherwise, or, but四：表“建议、命令、要求”的词，如 suggest, order, insist , propose，demand 的各种形式所引导的名词性从句中，常 should+动词原形五：wish 引导 宾语从句，表不可能实现的愿望六：would rather 引导 的宾语从句七：as if, as though 八：It is/was important, necessary, strange, natural, appropriate, essential, vital that sb should do(should可省)九：It is high time that + sb should do,(should 不能省 ) 或者sb did109 天津This printer is of good quality. If it _ break down within the first year,为 we would repair it at our expenseA. would B. should C. could D. might2 09 重庆-Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is?-She_in the classroom. I saw her there just now.A. shall be B. should have been C. must be D. might have been309 全国 III cant leave. She told me that I stay here until she comes back.A. can B. must C. will D. may409 江苏He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently.3A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed509 福建But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition.A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won608 全国Liza well not want to go on the trip-she hates traveling.?A.will B.can C.must D.may708 北京John promised his doctor he not smoke, and he has never smoked ever since.?A.might B.should C.could D.would808 天津She have left school, for her bike is still here.A.cant B.wouldnt C.shouldnt D.neednt908 湖南You dont have to know the name of the author to find a book. You find it by by the title.?A.must B.need C.can D.would1008 福建It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it be rather cold sometimes.A.must B.can C.should D.would1108 江苏-Im sorry. I at you the other day.?-Forget it.I was a bit out of control myself.A.shouldnt shout B.shouldnt have shouted C.mustnt shout D.mustnt have shouted1208 山东Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think we it without you.?A.can manage B.could have managed? C.could manage D.can have managed1307 全国-Hows your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?-It be, but it is now heavily polluted.?A.will B.would C.should D.must1410 安徽Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he-_A. was busy B. is busy C. had been busy. D. will be busy415.10 湖南If he my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job.A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow高三英语二轮复习题型技法指导专题二 完形填空真题试做(2012 山东高考)Whenever we hear about“the homeless，”most of us think of the Developing World.But the _36_ is that homelessness is everywhere.For example，how many of us would expect to see people living on the streets of a _37_ countr y like Germany?Kurt Muller and his wife Rita have spent eleven years making _38_ for the homeless of Berlin，Germanys capital.They first _39_ one long hot summer when most Germans were _40_ on holiday.Kurt and his wife stayed at home，made sandwiches，_41_ a table in the street and gave food to the homeless.The Mullers soon realised that food and clothing werent _42_.“What these people also need is warmth and _43_，”says Rita.The Mullers didnt _44_ to give their phone number to the street people and told them to phone anytime.Rita _45_ there was somebody at home to answer the phone and their home was always _46_ to anyone who couldnt face another night on the street.The couple were soon _47_ all their time and money，so Kurt visited food and clothing companies to _48_ donations.Today，over thirty companies _49_ donate food and other goods to the cause and volunteers help to _50_ them to the homeless.The public also give clothes and money and a shoe producer _51_ new shoes.Kurt and Rita receive no _52_ for their hard work.“We feel like parents，”says Rita，“and parents shouldnt _53_ money for helping their children.The love we get on the streets is our salary.”Though Rita admits she often gets _54_， she says she will continue with her work because she likes the feeling of having made a _55_ in the world.36A.result B truth Creason Didea37A.traditional Bdeveloping Ctypical Dwealthy38A.preparations Bhouses Cmeals Dsuggestions39A.began Bmet Ccalled Dleft40A.asleep Balone Cacross Daway41A.brought up Bset up Cput aside Dgave away42A.enough Bnecessary Chelpful Dexpensive43A.fame Bfreedom Ccourage Dcaring44A.hesitate Bagree Cpretend Dintend45A.made sense Bfound out Cmade sure Dworked out546A.open Bcrowded Cnoisy Dnear47A.costing Bwasting Ctaking Dspending48A.pay for Bask for Clook into Dcarry out49 A.completely Bcalmly Cregularly Droughly50A.advertise Bsell Cdeliver Dlend51A.donates Bproduces Cdesigns Dcollects52A.permission Bpayment Cdirection Dsupport53A.borrow Braise Csave Dexpect54A.surprised Bexcited Ctired Damused55A.profit Bdifference Cdecision Drule专题二 完形填空 第二部分 题型技法指导考向分析山东近 5 年高考完形填空统计：年份 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012体裁 夹叙夹议文 记叙文 记叙文 夹叙夹议文 记叙文题材讲述了作者遭遇暴风雨而历经艰辛坚持去上班，然后收到了经理的一封表示感激的电子信件，使作者感悟到几句简短的话语可以使人精神焕发。讲述了发生在一位学生和老师之间的爱心故事。通过老师对学生认识的转变、学生送给老师一个装满爱的盒子，体现了浓浓的爱意和师生情意。讲述了作者小时候参加舞蹈演出的一次难忘经历。表演之前作者充满信心，但在表演过程中出现了失误，是老师的教诲使她努力面带笑容顺利完成了剩余的动作。讲述了作者八岁时第一次听现场摇滚音乐会的经历和感受。从此他成为了那个乐队粉丝，并走进了其他音乐，但是再听这个乐队的乐曲时又会回忆起那场演唱会的情境。讲述了一对德国夫妇为了帮助无家可归的人所付出的努力，并借主人公之口表达了作者的感受：给予爱，也收获爱，这非常有意义。段数 6 6 4 4 5词数 334 309 323 306 285动词 8 8 9 11 8名词 6 5 6 6 5形容词 3 3 3 2 5副词 1 2 1 1 2考点连词 1 1 16介词 1 11选材以记叙文为主，内容兼有教育性和启迪性。从体裁上看，完形填空题以记叙为主，议论为辅，结构完整，用词准确，篇章条理清晰，叙事通畅明了。从题材上看，完形填空力图选取一篇有教育意义和现实意义的文章，主题明确，逻辑性强，语言地道生动，内容新颖、时尚，内容通常涉及日常生活、文史知识、科技小品、社会热点、政治、经济、人物传记等。2首句一般不设空，全文保持一定的挖空密度。完形填空的第一句一般都是完整的句子，记叙文的第一句通常把短文中故事发生的时间、地点、人物和事件等交代清楚，作为考生在解题时理解并掌握全文大意的基础。很多时候议论文和说明文的第一句是文章的主题句，抓住主题句便抓住了文章的主旨。空格在短文中均衡分布。相邻空格之间间隔适当，避免了提示信息过多或过少的情况。3以语篇考查为主，单纯语法考查很少。完形填空题以语篇为载体，立足于考生对全文的理解。试题注重考查考生结合词汇、语法、语篇知识、生活常识、文化背景知识等进行逻辑推理和综合判断的能力，而非简单考查其词汇使用和单句语法及意义方面的知识。在干扰项的设计上，充分考虑了测试的信度与效度，避免了干扰项与正确项相似度过低或过高而引起的干扰性过弱或过强的情况。单纯考查语法结构的题目数量很少，重在文意干扰，每题四个选项大多属同一语法范畴。如果是动词，则都是动词，且都用同样的时态或语态；如果是名词，则都是名词，且都用同样的单复数形式；如果是副词，则都是副词；如果是短语，则都是同类的短语。如果孤立地看挖空的句子，可能每个选项都能满足句子的需要，无论将哪个选项填进去，从语法上讲都是正确的，但是要确定正确答案，只能根据全文的 内容和情节发展作出判断。如(2012 山东高考)37 38 39 4149 题 4考点分布合理。以考查单词为主，短语或词组为辅；以考查实词为主，虚词为辅。完形填空备选项的构成以单个词为主，短语或词组较少出现。近 5 年山东卷考查短语的题目：2008 年没有；2009 年 1 个；2010 年 2 个；2011 年 1 个；2012 年 3 个。选项词汇主要是实词，虚词较少出现。近 5 年山东卷考查的词汇主要是动词和名词，其次是形容词和副词；对连词、介词等虚词的考查知识偶尔出现。这样的设置既要求考生具有很好的词感，能熟练运用所学过的常见词汇，还要求他们具有较强的语感，具有对语篇进行整体处理的能力。做到“上下求索寻信息，左顾右盼找答案，瞻前顾后想全文”，同时结合考生个人积累的各方面的知识正确解读全文。答题步骤做完形填空试题，切忌边看短文，边选答案，因为这样解题易脱离上下文孤立地看句子，从而产生错误。一般来说，解答完形填空题应遵循以下三个步骤。1略读全文，把握大意。文章都有中心议题和中心内容。通读全文，才能全局在胸、弄清文脉、理清思路，才能抓住文章主旨，获得整体印象，把握短文大意，使思维朝着正确的方向发展。在阅读中要特别注意提示句，并尽量记忆关键词、句，力求把文章内容串连起来。72细读全文，初选试填。在理解全文大意的基础上，再结合所给备选项细读全文，遵循词不离句、句不离文的原则，联系上下文内容，运用平时积累的英语语法和语言知识及根据文中语义、逻辑和搭配的需要进行综合考虑，通过分析、比较和筛选，排除干扰项，初步选定答案。在作出选择的过程中，要瞻前顾后，通篇考虑，先易后难。对比较明显直接的、自己最有把握的答案先进行确定。对少数难题，可暂定答案，在复读全文后分析推敲。3复读全文，校核答案。完成选择后，要把所选的答案代入原文，再把全文通读一篇，逐空认真复查。完成后的文章应该文意完整、语法正确、语言通顺、用词恰当、逻辑合理、符合习惯表达法。如发现错误或有疑问的答案，应再次推敲、反复斟酌、做出修正。 技法指导1依据文章首句，判断主旨大意。依据文章首句所给的线索可以看出文章的体裁，判断主旨大意，掌握作者的写作思路及其对某人或某事物的感情色彩。只有掌握了主旨大意，理清了文章结构，了解了各部分之间的关系，才能加深对文章的整体理解。换句话说，考生应对全文有一个清晰的概念，明白文章的各部分都是为了表达同一个主题，这样在略读时就更容易把握含空格的句子的真正含义，答题时就会显得轻而易举了。如：(2012 山东高考)Whenever we hear about “the homeless，” most of us think of the Developing World.剖析：阅读文章首句可知，这是一篇记叙文，作者讲述的话题与“无家可归者”有关。2根据文章大意，把握上下文的关系。做完形填空题不能离开上下文。很多题仅从语法角度来说，可能有两三个正确答案，但是结合上下文，情况就不一样了。上下文是形成语境的基础，任何语言结构、语法关系、词语搭配都不能无视上下文的联系。做题时，要学会瞻前顾后，要做到词不离句、句不离段、段不离文。有时我们会发现，上文的答案在下文有提示，而下文的答案在上文中也有信息。如：(2012 山东高考)Kurt Muller and his wife Rita have spent eleven years making _38_ for the homeless of Berlin，Germanys capital.3根据文章语境，进行词义辨析。完形填空的命题特点之一就是利用词汇辨析知识命题，而且占了整篇文章题目的绝大部分。首先要准确把握词汇的意思和用法以及不同语境中的变化，仔细辨析相似、相近词语的词义，特别注意词语的固定搭配以及词汇的引申意义。如：(2012 山东高考 )For example，how many of us would expect to see people living on the streets of a _37_ country like Germany?Kurt and his wife stayed at home，made sandwiches，_41_ a table in the street and gave food to the homeless.4体会文章的色彩，注意语言的和谐。作者对完形填空文章赋予了一定的感情色彩。首先要理解作者说话的语气和文章的感情色彩，这种语气和色彩是和谐一致的，而且贯穿全文的。做题时要充分体会上下文语言的和谐性，理解文章的深层含义。如：(2012 山东高考)8The Mullers soon realised that food and clothing werent _42_.“What these people also need is warmth and _43_，” says Rita.The Mullers didnt _44_ to give their phone number to the street people and told them to phone anytime.5把握文章脉络，进行推理判断。在完形填空题中常常要对文章的情节、作者的态度等进行推理判断。因此首先要抓住文章的脉络，弄清楚文章的结构及上下文的逻辑关系。只有这样，才能加深对文章深层意义的理解，从而更好地完成“完形”的任务，恢复文章的原貌。如：(2012 山东高考 )Kurt and Rita receive no _52_ for their hard work.“We feel like parents，” says Rita，“and parents shouldnt _53_ money for helping their children.误区警示1文章大意易错点(2012 山东高考) Though Rita admits she often gets tired，she says she will continue with her work because she likes the feeling of having made a _55_ in the world.【解题指导】做这类题时，考生易忽视文章大意。应该在把握文章大意的基础上，对文章进行总体了解，避免做了后面的题目后才发现和前面的内容冲突或矛盾。2情感态度易错点(2012 山东高考) Rita _45_ there was somebody at home to answer the phone and their home was always _46_ to anyone who couldnt face another night on the street.【解题指导】做这类题时，考生往往忽略作者的情感态度，错误地理解文章意思。要善于透过文章的表层含义，剖析作者的内心世界，带着作者真实的情感态度去做题。3上下文关系易错点(2012 山东高考) The public also give clothes and money and a shoe producer _51_ new shoes.【解题指导】做这类题时，考生往往只拘泥于个别词句的意思，忽视整篇文章的语境和上下文的联系，从而造成失误。在选择答案时不要只注意选项所在的短语、句子或段落，要善于从上下文中寻找相关的提示信息。4逻辑关系易错点(2012 山东高考) Whenever we hear about “the homeless，” most of us think of the Developing World.But the _36_ is that homelessness is everywhere.【解题指导】做这类题时，要合理理解文章的内容，正确地把握逻辑关系。逻辑关系主要涉及原因、时间、条件、转折等方面。只要我们弄明白文中关键词以及逻辑关系，就能确定比较明确的、直接的答案。5基本常识易错点(2012 山东高考) They first began one long hot summer when most Germans were _40_ on holiday.(2012 山东高考) Today，over thirty companies regularly donate food and other goods to the cause and volunteers help to _50_ them to the homeless.【解题指导】做这类题时，我们应该在了解短文主要意思的基础上结合基本常识进行解题。平时学习中，应当注意知识的积累，加强不同学科间的知识融合。多阅读，多体会，注意中西文化的差异，掌握一名合格的中学生应具备的基本常识。随堂练习（2011 年高考山东卷）9I first went to hear a live rock concert when I was eight years old. My brother and his friends were all _36_ of a heavy metal group called Black Wednesday. When they _37_ that Black Wednesday were going to perform at our local theatre, they all bought _38_ for performance. However, at the last minute, once of the friends couldnt go, so my brother _39_ me the ticket. I was really _40_!I remember the buzz (嘈杂声) of excitement inside the theatre as we all found our _41_ . After a few minutes, the lights went down and everybody became _42_. I could barely make out the stage in the _43_. We waited. Then there was a roar from the crowd, like an explosion, as the first members of the band _44_ the stage. My brother leaned over and shouted something in my ear, but I couldnt _45_ what he was saying. The first song was already starting and the music was as _46_ a jet engine. I could _47_ the drum beats and bass notes in my stomach.I cant recall any of the songs that the band played. I just _48_ that I really