浅谈具象油画与写实油画

什么是我们提出的“具象油画”，它与“写实油画”的区别是什么？我主张用“具象油画”（Representational Oil Painting）这一概念来替代 “写实油画”（Realism Oil Painting），将写实油画纳入具象油画的范畴中加以重新认识。这是因为中国的写实油画已经分化为多样化的形态，有许多作品已经远离了“写实油画”的原意，许多人看到作品中的形象稍微细腻一些，就称之为“写实”。其实，写实绘画有两个基本点，一是面对实物写生，一是艺术家的想象力创造（即形象与形式的结构组织）。我们有必要厘清写实绘画的本意，在英文中，“Reality”为真实、实在、实体之意，“Realism”有写实主义和现实主义两个含义，后者是1950年代受前苏联文艺思想影响所引入的，它来源于恩格斯致哈克奈斯的信，是一种特定的文艺创作方法（真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物）。“Realism”的本意应该是写实主义，即库尔贝所说的“从本质上来说，绘画是具体的艺术，它只能描绘真实的、存在着的事物”，它强调的是以科学的方法真实地再现客观实体。而“Represent”则有表现、描绘、象征、代表之意，它包含了更广泛的内涵，所有以形象的表象系统来表征、呈现客观世界的艺术图像，都可以纳入具象绘画的范畴。我所理解的具象绘画，定位于传统写实绘画和当代抽象绘画之间。相对于传统写实绘画，当代具象绘画更强调“呈现”而非“再现”，在写实绘画的基本矛盾中，当代具象绘画更强调艺术家观念的渗入与主体的创造。相对于抽象绘画，具象绘画保持了与自然、形象的视觉联系，即具象绘画的创作母题来源于自然对象，在其作品中保持了可视的（哪怕是依稀可辨的）形象，以此来保存写实绘画的精髓与奥秘，即写实绘画必须在视觉与想象的基础上建立起与观众的基本联系。具象绘画与传统写实绘画的差异，使它不再局限于统一的三度幻觉空间，而在二维平面上呈现出形象的多重组合、空间的自由切换、技法、风格的多样探讨，获得更大的观念与内心情感的空间。与抽象绘画的差异，使具象绘画保留了现象学意义上的意象呈现，它使得艺术家有可能发挥创造性想象力，将个人对于自然物象的观察体悟通过多种技法与媒介综合组织、呈现于观众面前，使观众摒弃传统写实绘画的“真实之镜”，直面作品与形象，获得个人化的独特审美经验。由此，具象油画可以将表现性、叙事性、象征性的绘画等都纳入其中，在空间的组织、形象的变异、媒介的多样化中，获得更为广泛的自由度。具象油画的核心概念应该是“形象”（Image）。这里的“形象”，不单是传统写实绘画所描绘的再现对象（物象），也包括艺术家的想象力所创造的可视形象（心象），它意味着艺术家对当代视觉形象资源可以而且必须进行创造性的接受、加工与组合再创，从人类的全部文化传统中获得视觉的想象力，而不仅仅停留于眼前的可视之物，这决定了具象油画的当代性和发展的可能性。英语翻译：What is the “figurative painting“ that we put forward, it and the “realist painting,“ what is the difference? I advocate using Realism Painting (Oil Painting Representational) to replace the concept of “realist painting“ (Oil), the realistic oil painting into the category of figurative oil painting to be re recognized. This is because the Chinese realistic oil painting has been divided into diversified forms, there are many works have been far from the “realistic oil painting“ the original intention, many people see the image of the work a little bit more delicate, it is called “realism“ “. In fact, there are two basic points of realistic painting, one is to face the kind of painting, one is the imagination of the artist to create (that is, the image and the form of structural organization).It is necessary for us to clarify the intention of realistic painting, in English, “reality“ is real, real, real meaning, “whom“ is realism and realism meaning, which is in the 1950s by former Soviet Union literary thought influence are introduced. It comes to Engels by Hackney J letter is a particular literary and artistic creation method (true representation of the typical character in the typical environment). “Whom“ the intention should be realistic, Courbet said, “from the nature, painting is art concrete. It can only depict real, existing things“. It emphasizes is to scientifically true reproduction of the objective entity. While “Represent“ is a manifestation, description, symbol, meaning, which contains a more extensive content, all images of the image system to represent the objective world, can be incorporated into the category of figurative painting.I understand the figurative painting, located in the traditional realistic painting and Contemporary Abstract painting. Compared with the traditional realistic painting, the contemporary figurative painting emphasizes the “present“ rather than “reappearance“. In the basic contradiction of realistic painting, the contemporary figurative painting emphasizes the creation of the artists idea and the main body. With respect to the abstract painting, figurative painting to maintain the natural, vivid and visual contact, namely concrete painting creation origin of motif in natural objects, in his works maintained visual even vaguely discernible in the image, so as to preserve the essence and hidden secrets of realistic painting, realistic painting must establish contact with the audience on the basis of vision and imagination. The difference between figurative painting and traditional realistic painting makes it no longer limited to the three degree illusion space, while in the two dimensional plane, it presents the multiple combinations of images, the space of freedom, techniques and styles.Differences and abstract painting, figurative painting retains the phenomenological sense images presented, it makes the artist has the potential to play a creative imagination, personal observations about natural image understanding through a variety of techniques and integrated media organization, presented in front of an audience , and make audiences to abandon the traditional realistic painting “the mirror of truth, face work and the image, to obtain the personalization of the unique aesthetic experience. Thus, figurative oil painting can be expressed, narrative, symbolic painting, etc., in the space of the organization, the image of the variation, the diversity of media, access to a more extensive degree of freedom.The core concept of figurative oil painting should be “image“ (Image). Here the “image“, not only is depicted in traditional realistic painting reproduction of the object (object) , including the imagination of the artist to create a visual image (as), it means artists of contemporary visual image resource can an