考研资料：北京大学细胞生物学第十二章+细胞分化与基因表达调控

Cell differentiation and Cancer cells Cell differentiationChapter 121. About the concept of cell differentiationThe process that a cell changes to carry out a specialized function:Marked by: Morphology / Structure / FunctionvThe different cell types of a multicellular organism contain the same DNA.vA cell can change the expression of its genes in response to external signals.vDifferences in mRNA expression patterns among different cell types.vDifferent cell types synthesize different sets of proteins.vGene expression can be regulated at many of the steps in the pathway from DNA to RNA to protein.The four essential processes by which a multicellular organism is made: Cell proliferation, Cell specialization, Cell interaction, and Cell movement.Cell differentiation occurs in multicellular organismsHuman:1014 cells, 200 cell types2. Why a fertilized egg can develop into different cells: Gene differentiated express 分子杂交技术检测基因及其表达3. Combinational control and Gene differentiated express pp.416: 12-1: 2n (n=3, A,B,C)4. House-keeping genes and luxury genesHouse-keeping genes:Expressed in all cell types, essential for all cellsLuxury genes:Tissue-specific genes, expressed in special cellsSequential expression of various genes in early Drosophila embryo5. Transdifferentiation: From one type of cell into another typeIncludes: Dedifferentiation-Redifferentiation去 分化 再分化Cell totipotency (细胞全能性 )1. Plant cellsThe ability of a cell develops into a complete organism 植物细胞具有全能性，在适宜条件下可培育成完整植株，已广泛应用2. Animal cloningTransplantation of frog red cell nucleus indicated the nucleus of animal is totipotency(全能性 )A new organism created by the process of nuclear transplantationDolly: A lamb with no father cThe sheep star: Dolly克隆能给人类带来什么？克隆动物是未来的制药厂克隆的爱因斯坦会懂 “相对论 ”吗Stem cell and its differentiation potential1. What is a stem cell ?Has two abilities:(1)Self-renewing(2)Differentiating2. Where to get the stem cells?(1) Embryonic stem cells (2) Adult stem cells(3) Umbilical cord blood stem cells (4) Fetal stem cells 3. Types of stem cells: differentiation potential(1) Monopotential stem cell(2) Pluripotent stem cells(3) Embryonic stem cellsTwo ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates4.Why do researchers study stem cells ?For repairing tissue damage caused by disease or injury, including: Diseases that impair brain function, such as Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease Spinal cord injuries Blood diseases, including leukemias Burns 5. Stem cell plasticityAdult stem cells can differentiate into a large number of different cell types. Turning blood into brain: Science, 2000, 290: 1779-1782Turning brain into blood: Science, 1999, 283: 534-535NSC+EGF & FGF: Growing See also: Current opinion in cell biology, 13: 662-665, 2001Production of differentiated cells from mouse ES cells in culture.Stem cells migrate to sites of organ damage and differentiate to cell types competent to participate in tissue regeneration.利用干细胞可塑性Regeneration of new tissues from our own cells will not be far behindScience, December 6, 2002: 1901Cancer: Cells proliferate uncontrollablyTumorBenign tumors: Do not spreadMalignant tumors Cancers: MetastasizeBenign tumor Malignant tumor1. The biology characteristics of cancer(1) Cell proliferate uncontro