How to successfully deal with reading 英语论文.doc

. the definition of reading: reading maybe defined as the rapid fusion of word symbols into consecutive units of thought. through reading the experiences of the reader are extended. his power of thinking is stimulated and he is enabled to interpret life more intelligently and accurately. about reading listening and speaking are the primary activities in learning a foreign language; close there after come reading. modern means of communication, like the telephone, radio and television, have given added importance to the spoken word. since however, the major part of communication is still carried on by means of the printed page, reading remains a basic linguistic skill. since strong motive and permanent interests that will inspire the students are to be developed, reading in the foreign language must be made an enjoyable activity. the act of reading is the act of taking thought about something. the thought may be simply that you wish to be amused or frighten-ed into comfort. it can be the thought that there is some truth to be found that waits in the printed pages. the reading of the printed page can never be the act of a passive consumer. in fact it is as much a part of the creative act as the authors writing, where there is a reading man there can be a thinking man, and whenever he exists that part of the world can be better than it is .a distinction has to be made between the different kinds and levels of reading . for mere survival, functional literacy is needed by everyone in our society. high reading efficiency is required of every specialist in his or her own field. written orders and instructions have to be understood clearly if they are to be carried out. some people will rarely use reading for anything beyond the simplest source of information. some may never use it for entertainment. how to successfully deal with reading1. the nature of reading comprehension. reading is one of the four-macro skills in language learning. it is viewed as a process of decoding written symbols, working from smaller units to larger ones. one significant contribution to reading, we are told, has been to show the importance of background knowledge to the reading process. the mental structures which store our knowledge are called schemata, and the theory of comprehension based on schemata is called schema theory. according to the theory reading is an interactive process between what a reader already know about a given topic or subject and what the writer writes. its not simply a matter of applying decoding conventions and grammatical knowledge to the text. good readers are able to relate the text and their own background knowledge efficiently.2.reading skills and purpose.it is important to bear in mind that reading is not an invariant skill, that there are different types of reading skills which correspond to the many different purposes we have for reading.here we borrow some foreign scholars idea. we are suggested that sound language learners will want to read for the following purposes : -to obtain information for some purpose or become we are curious about some topic.-to obtain instructions on how to perform some task for our work or daily life.-to act in a play, play a game, do a puzzle. -to keep in touch with friends by correspondence or to understand business letter. -to know when or where something will take place or what is available.-to know what is happening or has happened .-for enjoyment or excitement. in our daily life, we often encounter different reading tasks. we agree that different purposes require different skills. here are some examples. you are :-filling in an unfamiliar form.-operating a machine you have never used.-looking in a newspaper to find something useful for you.-dealing with your students written pieces of work.-interpreting tables on pharmaceutical products.-using a timetable.-using road signs.-selecting and reading a newspaper article.-reading a short story or novel. as you are carrying out the reading task , you would have been involved in:-recognizing and understand-ding script and format. -recognizing and understanding key words and phrases.-skimming for gist.-identifying the main points in text.-reading in detail. successful reading then involves;-using word attack skills such as identifying sound / symbol codependences.-using grammatical knowledge to recover meaning, for example interpreting non-finite clauses.-using different techniques for different purpose, for example skimming and scanning for key words or information.-relating text content to ones own background knowledge of the subject as hand.-identifying the rhetorical or functional of individual sentences or text segments .during her lesson, some new words stop the students comprehension of passage reading. new words prevent us from reading fast. one way to overcome this problem is to guess. another problem that affect our reading speed is our reading habit and our reading skill. some one reads word by word. some one reads with his finger pointing to the words or with his head shaking. those are all bad habits. we should read phrase by phrase. dont blink our eyes so often and dont shake our heads. just move our eyeballs. thats enough. if we want to get more word information, there must be a proper distance between our eyes and the reading material.i think browsing is an important step while we are doing our reading comprehension. some students begin to read at once when he get a reading material, even without knowing its title. but after reading for many times, he wont understand what the article says. i think you might read the given questions fast as well, then the material. there is an advantage to do this. when we read the material with the questions, we can save our time. 1. thefemalemosquitoisavampireandlivesonblood.如不知道vampire的词义,从上文1ivesonblood(靠吸血而生存)则可得知其词义为吸血昆虫。2.theoldmanputonhisspectaclesandbegantoread.如不知道spectacles的词义,从下文戴上spectacles后开始阅读可猜得其词义为眼镜。3.imsorryivebeenmonopolizingyou.yourotherdinnercompanionshouldhavethechancetotalktoyou,too.根据第二个句子的意思,可猜出monopolize之意为独占。4.ifiwereaboyagain,iwouldpractiseperseveranceoftener,andnevergiveupathingbecauseitwashardorinconvenient.根据andnevergiveupathing. 可猜测perseverance之意为坚韧不拔.5.pigeonshaveanaturalinstincttoreturnhome,eveniftheyarefarawayandthetripishardordangerous.根据后半句让步状语从句,可猜测instinct为本能。6.14,000sanitationworkerswhocarryoff,yearly,threemilliontonsofrefuseandkeep7,500milesofstreetscleanandfreeofsnow.从上下文可猜出sanitationworkers为环卫工人。7.humanbeingsareauniquespecies.theyhavelargerbrainsthananyotherbeings.theyhavethegiftofspeechandcancommunicatetheirthoughts,ideas,andfeelings.从上下文可猜出thegiftofspeech为“语言天赋”。8.ourearthisveryold.itholdsmanysecretsaboutlifeinthepast.archaeologistsdiginthegroundandbringoutthesesecrets.theydiscoverobjectsthousandsofyearsoldthatinformusabouthowpeoplelivedlongago.不难猜出archaeologists为“考古学家”。9.oneofthenewestamericanexpressionsiswhereisthebeef?itquestionsifsomethingisasgoodorashonestasitclaimstobe.根据第二个句子的意思,可猜测whereisthebeef?之意为“拿出证据来”。10.thegirlbegantofeelhomesickbecauseshehadbeenawayfromherfamilyforyears.状语部分的意思是“她离开家人好几年了”,对于一个女孩子来说,“想家”的结果是必然的。所以,我们通过状语从句所提供的信息可以推断出homesick的意思是“想家的”。11.theteacherdidnotheartheknockingatthedoorbecausehewascompletelyengrossedinhisreading.以因果关系为线索,可确定engrossed的意思为“被吸引”,“全神贯注”。12.iamaresoluteman.onceisetupagoal,iwontgiveitupeasily.通过第二句,可推出resolute的意思是坚定的。二.利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有：forexample,suchas,forinstance等。(1).someartistsplantheirpaintingsaroundgeometricformslikesquares,circlesandtriangles.如不知道geometricforms的意思,可从文中所列举的三角形、正方形、圆形来猜得其意义为“几何图形”。(2).todayyoungcoupleswhoarejuststartingtheirhouseholdsoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washing-machines,refrigeratorsandcolortelevisions.如不知道appliances的意思,从文中的举例washing-machines（洗衣机）,refrigerators（冰箱）,colortelevisions（电视机）可以猜出该词的意思为“家用电器”。(3).thereweredisastrousfiresinsomecities,suchasthegreatfireoflondonin1666.suchas列举出如1666年伦敦大火一类“灾难性”（即disastrous）的火灾。(4).thegovernmentpromisestogivemillionsofdeprivedblacktheessentialsinlife-housing,education,healthfacilities,andjobopportunities.可猜出essentials是“必需品”。三.利用文中说明词义的同位语或定语,猜测词义。1.theinventionofsnorkel,alongairtubethatreachesuptothesurface,hasmadeitpossibleforsubmarinestousetheirdieselengineevenwhentheyaresubmerged.句中snorkel一词的意思,可通过其同位语alongairtubethatreachesuptothesurface来猜得。由此我们可以确定该词的意思为“通气管”。2.tomwasaroamer,awandererwhocouldneverstayinoneplace.roamer是生词,但wanderer是由我们所熟悉的wander变化而来的名词,那可以推出的意思是“流浪汉”。3.nearbyistheracecourse,wherethetownsmostfamouscarraceisheldeachyearonmay30th.以where引导的定语从句为依据,course应是汽车赛举行的地点,所以排除“过程”,“课程”,“航向”,而要定义为“跑道”。4.thetypeofmeteriscalledmultimeter,whichisusedtomeasureelectricity.通过定语从句whichisusedtomeasureelectricity（用来测量电的）,我们可以将multimeter的词义确定为“万用表”。5.theywillbeonthenightshift-frommidnightto6a.m.-nextweek.由破折号之间的解释内容,我们可以了解到nightshift意思为“夜班”。6.totrainthestudentstodeducethemeaningofunfamiliarwordsthroughcontextualclues,namely,ly后面的内容解释说明了contextualclues为“情景线索”。7.insports,especiallyathletics,successisoftenpreventedbypsychologicalobstacles,thatis,barriersthatexistinthemindonly.thatis后面的内容解释说明了psychologicalobstacles为“心理障碍”四.利用文中的反义词猜测词义。表示对比的词有but,while,however,otherwise等。1.americanbusinessmenexpectemployeestobepunctual.theydonotexpectthattheworkerswillcomelate.文中bepunctual.的意思,可理解为notcomelate,即准时,不迟到。2.unlikehergregarioussister,janeisashyperson,whodoesnotliketogotoparties,ortomakenewfriends. 根据文中unlike的意思,shyperson, whodoesnotliketogotoparties, ortomakenewfriends.应该表达了gregarious相反的意思,所以gregarious的意思为好交际的。3.avegetariandoesnotwantmeat,butmayratetheutilityofbananaveryhighly,whileameat-eatermayprefersteak.句中vegetarian通过while与meat-eater对比,可猜为“吃素者”。4.mostofthemagreed;however,johndissented.dissented通过however与agreed对比,反对。5.itryhardnottomakeseriousmistakes,butinevitablyislipup.slipup通过but与makeseriousmistakes对比,可猜为犯小错误。6.janewastalkingwithotherswhileblizaremainedreticentallthetime.根据while的提示,前后对照,reticent的含义是沉默寡言。7.alloftheseideasaboutthecommunicationofthefuturearefantasies,tobesure,butmanyofthemarefantasiesthatareverylikelytobecomerealities.fantasies与realities意义相反,可猜测其词义为幻想。8.104studies,involving15,000peopleisprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.optimism乐观主义与pessimism意义相反,可猜pessimism之意为悲观主义。五.利用同义词,近义词或词组。1.shouldthegovernmentregulatethecostofresourcessuchasoilandgas?somepeopledonotbelievethatgovernmentcontrolisthesolutiontotheproblemoftherisingcostoffuel.文中regulate的词义可猜测为与governmentcontrol的意思相近。2.oneofthepredominantconcernstodayisthefutureofournaturalresources.thisissueisofgreatestimportancebecauseitisbecomingcleartomanypeoplethatourpresentresourceswillnotlastforever.文中predominant的词义可猜测为与ofgreatestimportance的意思相近。3.cleaningupwaterwaysisanenormoustask.thejobissolarge,infact,thatthegovernmentmaynotbeabletosavesomeoftheriversandlakeswhichhavebeenpolluted.文中enormous的词义可猜测为与solarge的意思相近。4.doctors,scientists,andpublichealthexpertsoftentraveltotheseregionstosolvethemysteryofalonghealthylife;theexpertshopetobringtothemodernworldthesecretsoflongevity.生词longevity，的意思为“长命的、长寿的”。5.alltheothermembersareofthesameopinion.theyareunanimous.unanimous与ofthesameopinion同义,可猜为“一致同意的”。6.iseepeople,oldandyoungalike,arenowtakingtestsofintelligence,educationandskill.iwonderwhythereisnottestofonesvirtueorgoodness.句中or后的goodness解释了virtue,其意为“善行”。六.利用下文定义的句子猜测词义。1.insomecultures,certainfoodsaretaboo.tabooisawordfromthelanguageofthefijiislands,usedtodescribesomethingforbidden.根据句子内容,可猜测taboo为“禁忌”。2.instinctivebehaviorisapatternofbehaviorthatananimalisbornwith.根据句子内容,可猜测instinctivebehavior为“本性”。3.anexpeditionisalong,organizedtriporjourney,whichismadeintoanunfamiliarareaforaparticularpurposebyagroupofpeople.句中which引导的定语从句进一步解释了expedition之意为“远征队”。4.somecomputerscientistsaredevelopingartificial-intelligencemachinesthattheysaywillthinklikepeople.根据定语从句,可猜测artificial-intelligence之意为“人工智能”。5.agorillaalwaysmakesmethinkofthewordaloof-notfriendly,ofdistancefromothers.破折号后的内容是aloof一词不友好,冷漠的释意。6.wealluseonomatopoeicwords-wordsthatsoundlikethenoisetheyaredescribing.不难猜出onomatopoeicwords意为象声词。7.englishspeakersusealotofeuphemisms-polite,lessdirectwordsforthingorideasthatcauseembarrassment.euphemisms意思是委婉说法。8.childrenalsoneedconvictions-something(andsomeone)totrust,toholdupasworthyofadmiration.convictions意为信念。9.globalization-oneworldoneeconomyintegration,isthebuzzwordofthe1990s.破折号后oneworldoneeconomyintegration是globalization一词全球经济一体化的释义。七.利用构词法猜测词义。1.theyoverestimatetheintervieweesabilityandaskedhimmanydifficultquestions.在overestimate词中是前缀,意思是过分-。因此,overestimate的词义可猜测为过高估计。2.weweretoldthatourswasthemostspaciousroominthehotel.thatwaswhywehadtopaysomuchforit.spacious是由词根space（空间）和ious（形容词后缀）构成。由此我们可以猜出其意思为有空间的,宽敞的。八.综合法。以上几种猜测词义的方法不是互不联系的,有时可以同时采用几种方法猜测词义。1.sincethediscoveryofnuclearenergytherehasbeenbittercontroversy.inthesupportersview,atomicenergyofferstheonlychanceofsurvivalforcivilization.theopponents,however,thinkthatitisthemostdirectwaytoextinction.whileextremistsonbothsidesshoutslogans,moderatestendtoagreethatnewsourcesofenergywilleventuallybedevelopedandthatnuclearenergywillplayitspart.根据上下文,可以猜出controversy为争端。在争端中就会有支持者supporters和反对者opponents,而两派中还会有激进派extremists和温和派moderates。2.sociologistsdividefamiliesintotwogeneraltypes:thenuclearfamilyandtheextendedfamily,whichmayincludethreeormoregenerationslivingtogether.根据定语从句,可猜测extendedfamily意思是大家庭,与extendedfamily意思相反,可猜测nuclearfamily为小家庭。总之,在英语阅读中运用和掌握这些猜词方法,就会在很大程度上减少生词的数量,有助于提高阅读速度和培养阅读能力。在阅读理解中要求判断词语意思的问题,通常有以下形式：1.accordingtotheauthor,theword.means_.2.by.,theauthormeans_.3.whichofthefollowingisnearest(closest)inmeaningto.?4.thepassagemeans_.5.theword.mostlikelymeans_如何正确推断?在阅读中，经常会碰到要进行推测判断的问题，否则就难以理解真正的含义。因此，我们应该学会readbetweenthelines,读出作者言之未尽、隐含在表层语言符号中的深层意蕴。推断能力在阅读理解中占据很重要的位置，因为一些文章的作者有时并不是明确陈述他们的观点和描写他们想解释的事物，而是通过暗示使读者从字里行间悟出言外之意。因此在阅读过程中，读者需要借助于自己的逻辑思考能力、背景知识对文章的主题、作者意图等做出合乎逻辑的推断.1.推断作者态度作这种判断时，要注意作者的遣词造句，是褒是贬，是赞成还是反对，语气里隐含的是确定还是模棱两可。比如，certain,nodoubt,surely等表示的是确定的语气；possibly,maybe,itissaidthat等表示不太肯定的语气。另外，有些词句是客观的陈述，有些带有主观色彩，有些则表示讽刺的口吻。还要注意转折词的使用，有时作者笔法婉转，先对某事物等加以有限的肯定，然后用转折词将笔锋一转，道出自己的真实评价、观点或态度。因此，作这类判断时，要考察全篇，不可只看局部，这样才能推断出作者的真正倾向或意图。1:theturkeythatgracesyourtabletodayisasdifferentfromthebirdyourgrandfatherbroughthomeasafordcompactisfromamodelt.thecontemporarythanksgivingturkeyisthecompactmodel,anengineeredproduct,streamlinedandmarketedbygiantturkeyfactoriesformodernconsumers. andwhileamericanswillbeeatingmoreturkeythisyearthaneverbefore,andnineandahalftimesmorethantheirgrandfathers,accordingtoconsumer-researchgroups,todaysconsumerhaslesschoiceinwhatkindofturkeytobuyandwillpay20percentmoreforitthisyearthanlast.graduallyoverthelasttwodecades,thesmallturkeyfarmsallacrossthecountryhavedisappeared,givingwaytolargeintegratedturkeyproducersthatconcentratetheiroperationsinahandfulofstates. thefresh-killedturkey,oncesoldingreatflocksatthanksgivingandchristmas,hasalsodisappeared,replacedbyfrozenprocessedturkeyandturkeyproductsdesignedtoselltheyearround. althoughsomefeelthatthetastehasbeendesignedoutoftheturkeybysubstitutingadditivesfornaturalfat,industryandgovernmentspokesmendisagree,assertingthatthestandardizedproducthasimprovedquality.theircriteriaforquality,however,arevolumeofmeatperpoundandvolumeofturkeyssold. whichofthesestatementswouldtheauthoragreewith?a.smallturkeyfarmsweretooinefficient.ourgrandfathersatetastierturkeys.turkeysshouldbesoldtheyearrounded.americansshouldeatmoreturkey.正确答案是b。作者讲到今日的火鸡和以前的火鸡的区别-今日的火鸡经过加工和加添加剂后其味不及以前的好。a本文没有提到。c不对。根据第五段，火鸡现在一年四季都可以买到。d文中没有提到。2:everyafternoonalineofveryoldwomenpassesdowntheroadoutsidemyhome,eachcarryingaloadoffirewood.allofthemaretiny.itseemstobegenerallythecaseinprimitivecountriesthatthewomen,atacertainage,shrinktothesizeofchildren.onedayapooroldcreaturewhoc