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译文题目： 弯管机结构设计 The research and realization of the ultra-low and constant speed control technology about the cylinder for the large caliber pipe Bender Fang XiuRong, Yang DanFeng2l.Department of Mechanical Engineering Xian University of Science and Technology, Xian,China. fangxrO 2.China National Heavy Machinery Research institute Co.,Ltd, Xian,China YDF711020 ydf711020Abstract-The ultra-low and constant speed control is one of the key techniques that the large caliber pipe bender can use to achieve bend automatic process. This technology which could analyze the working requirements of the pipe benders heating, introduces the single-cylinder pulling and bending driving form and uses the hydraulic control technique to realize the stationary and reliability in the cylinders ultra-low speed motion. Additionally, it will prevent the phenomenon of vibration and arc ridging in the process of thin-wall pipes bending and assures a high quality of large bend caliber pipes with different bending radiuses and bending angles. At the same time, this technology could also be promoted and appliedin any hydraulic controlled devices which need a stable and low-speeding operation. Keywords- large caliber pipe bender; ultra-low and constant speed; cylindeIntroductionI. INTRODUCTION As our countries oil flow and transportation of gas are being adjusted, the need for large caliber pipe bender is gradually increasing, for numerous large caliber pipes with flexible direction changing are demanded. Middle frequency heating hydraulic bending pipe is not only an important part of the pipeline, but a vital subject of large caliber pipes project. Its working principle is to heat steel pipes (including low alloy steel pipe and stainless steel pipe, ect.) by middle frequency power supply, while using the hydraulic cylinder to push tubes uniformly,so that heated steel pipes will walk along the preset tracks to form to be some bending pipes with certain radiuses and angles.(1) For therere many artificial factors, lots of domestic developing pipe benders have problems on quality control, especially in the field of pushing speed. Pushing and bending are even driven by hoister and wire rope, as a result, the pushing speed is unstable, which results in wrinkled surface, irregular geometry and poor ellipticity. Foreign middle frequency heating pipe benders can be divided into two categories: mechanical and hydraulic. The mechanical bender features huge structure, heavy weight, large occupying space and high cost. While, the hydraulic bender adopts dual hydraulic cylinders, in which the main pushing cylinder has a smaller bore, and cylinders low speed is quite easy tocontrol. But as both hydraulic and electric control systems have to control solve the synchronous problem,corresponding and costs will increase.(2)II. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LARGE CALIBER MIDDLEFREQUENCY HEATING HYDRAULIC PIPE BENDER Large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender is a new type of automated processing equipment of bending pipe, which is driven by hydraulic system and pushed by single cylinder. This device can process bending pipe whose caliber range from 610 mm to 1524 mm into different radiuses and angles. The bender is consisted of five parts: host/ hydraulic system/ middle frequency heating/ cooling and electric control. To ensure a high quality of the bending pipe and safety of the system, the technology of pushing and bending of large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender becomes one of the key technologies. The pushing bar technology of large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender adopts pipe bender single-cylinder driving form, avoiding the free running phenomenon which is brought by the double-cylinder. Furthermore, this technology which is better than other forms ensures a simple/ compact structure, and provides a reliable/ stable and low-speeding operation.The type of bending and pushing pipes diagram is shown in the figure 1. The single hydraulic cylinder 1 pushes the mobile beam 2, the heated steel tube 3 and tumbler 8. At a fixed radius to makes the pipe formed, and the cylinder stroke could be inspected by rotary encoder.Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Commission （ Program NO. 2010JK661)1-cylinder;2-moblile beam;3-front figure;4-pipe blank 5-supporting roller;6-inductive coil;7-back figure;8-swivel arm;Figure 1.Diagram about bending pipe using pushing and bending middle frequencyIII. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS ABOUT SINGLE-CYLINDERS BENDING AND PUSHING CONTROL SYSTEM OF PIPE BENDER. The large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender adopts single-cylinder pushing form, in which way the device avoids the free running phenomenon which is brought by the double-cylinder. But this type of benders own big bore, long stroke (piston diameter: 280mm,plunger diameter: 250mm, stroke: 7800mm) and the process demands a slow pushing speed (20200mm/min),while the congener cylinders national standards (JB/T6134-2006) stipulate that the minimum speed is 480mm/min, so the target is to achieve a slow/constant speed of operation and overcome the phenomenon crawl in this operation by controlling techniques. Especially, in order to avoid the phenomenon of vibration and arc ridging in the process of thin-wall pipes bending,the pushing and bending speed must be slow and steady, and the lowest speed is 20mm/min which has extremely exceeded the congener devices. In the conventional hydraulic control system, the control modes of cylinders speed can be divided into four categories: speed control of volume; speed control of throttle; speed control combining volume and throttle; speed control driving by variable frequency. But all of these types fail to meet the demands of ultra-low and constant speed, as a result, this system adopts a dedicated speed control combining volume and throttle which will not only give back-pressure to circuit of oil cylinder, improve systems rigidity, but also use digital hydraulic servo control systemfor speed control which has achieved a 20mm/min speed Requirement.IV. HYDRAULIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY OF CYLINDERWITH ULTRA-LOW AND CONSTANT SPEEDThe control system of cylinder with ultra-low and constant speed adopts a kind of speed control mode combining dedicated volume and throttle. Namely, it introduces the appropriative speed control system which is consisted of digital hydraulic servo variable capacity pump and proportional speed-regulating valve to realize open loop and closed loon control.The principle of control is shown in figure 2. When pipe bender is in the state of pushing,the electronic control system will make instructions: electromagnets 1 DT、 2D、3DT、4DT、7DT get charged, making digital hydraulic servo controller with variable capacity 2 control the digital hydraulic servo variable capacity pump 1, so that output flow decreases, then fixes it in a specific value,making a constant flow. Next, use the proportional speed-regulating valve 8 regulates the speed of the main pushing cylinder 9 and this cylinders speed would feedback to the computer timely via the speed probe 10. After comparing with the specified speed, electronic control system would instruct the proportional speed-regulating valve to continue adjusting both the output flow and pushing velocity to realize the closed loop control when the actual speed and set speed isnt inosculated.As the same time,it also can use manual speed control to realize open loop control. As shown in the figure: the proportional pressure valve 4, controls the systems pushing pressure, the proportional pressure valve 7 controls the back pressure of the main pushing cylinders front chamber, in this way the stability of cylinders low-speeding operation can be improved. The electrohydraulic reversal valve 6 controls the idle stroke and return trip of the main pushing cylinder. 1-Variable capacity pump;2-controller with variable capacity;3-Electromagnetic unloading value;4-Proportional pressure value5-Electromagnetic value;6-Electromagnetic reversal value;7-Proportional pressure value;8-proportional speed value;9-main pushing cylinder;10-speed probe deviceFigure 2.ultra-low and constant speed control principle picture of large caliber pipe benders cylinderLarge main pushing cylinders ultra-low and constant speed control (piston D=280mm, piston rod diameter d=250mm, stroke H=7800mm) adopts a control mode combining the digital hydraulic servo variable capacity pump and the proportional speed-regulating valve. When a tube isnt heated uniformly and the resistance is changing, the speed of pushing began to vary, and then the speed probe feedback device will inform the electronic control system timely which will adjust the pumps output flow to stabilize the pushing speed; After comparison with the given speed, the output flow of digital hydraulic servo variable capacity pump and the proportional speed-regulating valve be adjusted by the digital hydraulic servo controller with variable capacity, so that the operating speed of main pushing cylinder could run as the set velocity to realize a open loop or closed loop control.Engineering practices proved that this pushing and bending technology ensures a stable and reliable operating system which could produce smooth surfaces for bending pipes, especially for thin-wall bending pipes when compared with other equipments. And products performance index like ovality and decreasing thin rate are better than congener products, whose quality meet needs of the QISYXQl6-2001 Technical specifications of bending pipe using induction heating in the project of West-East natural gas transmission. While some parameters and technical specifications in this standard are higher than the international standard IS015590-1: 2001Bending pipe using induction heating in the pipeline transportation system of oil and gas industry.V、HYDRAULIC SYSTEM HYDRAULIC PRESSER DRIVE AND AIRHydraulic System Hydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved. After the World War I (1914-1918), because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G Constantimscofluctuations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; In 1910 on the hydraulic transmission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development. The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, Hydraulic Industry. Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader. Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industrial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel industry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices. A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil.The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice. In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equipment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending andretracting the relief valve opened and closed. For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced readymade circuit diagram symbols. Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures. DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted. Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the system With mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages: 1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout. 2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response. 3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of step less speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1). 4, to achieve overload protection automatically. 5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life; 6, it is easy to achieve linear motion 7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved. The shortcomings of the hydraulic system: 1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion. 2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions. 3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and cannotbe strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology. In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, cannot even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage. Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (i.e., sealed lips) two. The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the same time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil temperature. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased compression, so that action cannot be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc. 2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, cannot avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system. 3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydraulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environments. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the environment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment. Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: fever, with a father (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on. Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech. - Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process technology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the development of hydraulic torque converter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction. Pneumatic Industry: - Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temperature, high voltagedirection, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials. (1) Used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa; (2) diversification of regulation and control; (3) To further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain; (4) Development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear; (5) Development of energy saving, energy efficient system function; (6) to further reduce the noise; (7) Application of Hydraulic Cartridge Valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spill. CONCLUSIONS Large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender adopts the digital hydraulic servo control system. This type of bender runs smoothly and avoids the phenomenon of vibration and arc ridging in the process of bending thin-wall pipe. And the hydraulic control technology for realizing large cylinders ultra-low and constant speed could be widely used in, any hydraulic equipment which needs steady and low-speeding operation. REFERENCES 1Zhou Yong-ming, Chen Zhi一ie, Zhen Hu-shan. Hydraulic system for large medium frequency heating tube bending machines. Journal of HeBei institute of mechano-electric engineering, 1996,13(2): pp. 40-44. (in Chinese) 2Jiang Yi-min, Liu Bao-yu. Research and Development of Hydraulic Drive System of Big Caliber Interneduate Frequency Heating Bender, Petroleum Engineering Construction, 2004, 30(4), pp. 68-70. (in Chinese).3Wang Wen, Gu Chunlin, Sun Wenzheng, et al. Rocker-rotatordevice for heavy-duty intermeduate frequency heating pipe benderChina Petroleum Machinery, 2005,33(8): pp. 19-21 (in Chinese)4, Tao Zheng, Zhang Rui high construction speed, Mitsubishi PLC programming and rapid application, electronic industry press, 2012:P27 1375. To cultivate the foundation of material forming technology. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press 2003: P54.6 Zhang Liping, the application of modern hydraulic technology, chemical industry press, 2009:P28 357 Pu Liang GUI, Ji Minggang. Mechanical design (Seventh Edition). Beijing: Higher Education Press.有无不同波峰弯管流的设备灌施摘要：化学灌溉应用广泛,它通常是不同种类的化学品通过灌溉系统来灌溉不同农作物。旁路流化学喷射器是使用弯管设备的一个简单的方法。液压试验弯管设备采用30毫米内进行直径弯管设备无嵴（旁路设计1），外壁上具有一个5毫米大小的波峰（旁路设计2），外壁上具有一个10毫米大小的波峰（旁路设计3），与两个10毫米大小在内外弯管壁的波峰（旁路设计4号）。对主管道流量（Q），旁路流量（Q），压力无旁路流量差（DH0）和压差旁路流量（DH）的弯管内外之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明，该模参数DH / Q2季度排名不同的流类型：4 321号，他们也是不变的系数。然后，化学肥料可注入一个在弯管装置旁通流量的恒定流量灌溉系统,但化学肥料伴随着原来的混合解决方案时间如水被稀释流入水箱。在一个灌溉系统，旁路流量的目的是使用不同的弯管设备，达到无脊。关键词：循环流动；离心力；管灌施；弯曲装置一、引言在农业经营中，低成本的设备和低能源消耗是必要的生产成本。灌施，适用于多种化学品对多种作物通过不同类型的灌溉，系统可以通过三种方法实现：积极泵，文丘里装置和压差喷射器。在许多系统中，一个单一的设备不能准确覆盖整个注射范围。通常情况下至少两注射装置，与低一个适度注射速率范围内，达到所需的合适剂量对于化学灌溉率。水通过管道拐弯的时候装置，外界的水压力高于由于水的离心力里面。如果弯管设备的内部和外部连接管路，旁通流是这个路径生成。因此，在旁路路径添加一个化学槽，弯管设备可用于在注射化学肥料灌溉系统。使用弯管器旁路注入提供了一注入化学物质为压力参考线当电源不可用或简单、经济的方法使用，但循环灌施产生减少浓度。也就是说，化学肥料可通过在管旁通流量注入灌溉系统弯曲装置在一个恒定的流量，但化学内容被时光如水流入罐稀释和混合与原方案。在一个灌溉系统，该可以使用不同的旁路流量达到目的。弯管设备没有与不同的波峰。旁路流化学注射器使用弯管设备上的压差产生的基础之间的内部和外部的墙在一个弯曲的中点用流动的水的离心力管装置。一个弯管或弯头装置主要集中研究作为一个流量计 1，2，3 ，而很少强调的是一个弯管装置化学注射 4，5 ，6的用法。西山（1996） 5 主要集中在寻找弯管器孔的位置自适应，并很少有插图的水力特性弯管设备没有与不同的波峰。一个弯管和弯头装置，Replogle等人。（1971） 7 和Ito等（1983） 8 简单描述的关系流量与压差方程形式：Q=MQ=放电，M =系数取决于弯头或弯管装置的几何形状和H =头部造成的这是通过测量压力的压力差位于肘或管内外半径的水龙头弯曲装置在弯管的中点。本研究的对象是：（1） 明确商业的水力特性PVC管材弯曲设备90o和不具有不同的波峰通过基础实验，表明关系主管道流量（Q）之间，旁路流量（Q），和压差旁路流（DH）和无旁路流量（DH0）弯头内外设备。（2） 分析不同弯管设备形状的影响在旁路流量的波峰。找到途径增加在弯管装置压差和通过旁路流量增加注射速率。二、实验仪器布置图1显示了必要的相关配置实验仪器组成，其中水从水箱通过水泵。一个普通的水流量计（国内），一个商业化生产的管材弯曲一个简单的差压计的主要组成部分系统。旁路管路连接弯管在45主要弯管装置从中点。主由水流量计在测量管排水测量的是管道和旁路放电数字流量传感器，而主水流量管（Q）和绕行路线的水流量（Q）进行了调整，通过调节阀B和D的绕行路线管内直径12毫米，长度为120厘米。弯管装置在水平位置测试。1、主管主管2、价值流量表3、浮子流量计旁路途径 4、旁路路径值5、压力表管6、压力表管7、压力表板图1旁路和压实验装置设计管子的弯曲装置的特征表现在图2。曲率半径（R）为90毫米（精度在%8 D（内管弯曲直径= 30mm），和%10 R，日本）。有四个弯头实验设备：无嵴（旁路设计1），外壁上具有一个5毫米大小的波峰（旁路设计二），外壁上具有一个10毫米大小的波峰（旁路设计3）和两个10 mm处内外墙内的弯管（旁路设计4号）。的波峰的形状和大小不同的是2号，3号和4号。内径尺寸是10毫米的孔，在弯管处。内外壁压力使用2毫米的测压孔位于管测弯曲的中点。图3显示的压力表的安装在上游和下游的绕行路线两侧几何特征通过OB的节图2。图2部分细节和四管弯头的水力特性设备。图3：详细的部分旁路入口和出口和压力计的水龙头在图2中的部分肥胖图1和图3显示的压力表的安装在上游和下游的绕行路线结束。那里是在内径2 mm计水龙头和弯管外，这是从45点管道弯曲装置入口。内外墙采用2为每个弯管设备压力mm测压孔位于弯曲的中点（图1，23）。三、实验结果与讨论建立正确的关系程序主管道流量（Q），旁路流量（Q），其压差无旁路流（DH0）和压力旁路流量差（DH）内部和外部之间弯管设备如下。经过回归分析，主管道流量之间的关系（Q），旁路流量（Q），和压差（DH和DH0）可以用方程表示。1,.主要流量（Q）和压力差无旁路流（DH0）的内部和外部之间弯管设备当阀的旁路途径（D）关闭（图1），没有旁路流量旁路路径生成。在任何绕行路线流动条件下，主体间的关系管道流量（Q）与压头差不旁路流量（DH0）如图4所示。的关系主管道流量（Q）之间的压头无旁路流量差（DH0）被描述为：其中Q=主管道流量（升/秒）， =压头无旁路流量差（cm）， =系数（常数）这是对弯径比相关，r管道弯曲D 2，5，6，7，9，10 的半径，也关系到弯管型和无嵴嵴。图4主管道流量之间的关系（Q）和压头无旁路流量差（DH0）表1系数的弯管设备和无嵴系数（）的不同的弯管装置图4和表1所示。大小系数被评为4321。下无旁路流量条件下，弯管装置不同的波峰增大压差。2主要流量（Q）和压力差具有旁路弯管内外流（DH）在图1中的旁路阀D全路线开放，主要流量的关系（Q）和该管内外压力差弯转流（DH）如图5所示。根据分析结果，可以得到以下方程：DH=Q =主管道流量（升/秒），DH =压头旁路流量差（cm）， =系数（常数）。在相同的系数系数，排名
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