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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 培养学生综合运用所学知识，结合实际独立完成课题的工作能力。对学生的知识面，掌握知识的深度，运用理论结合实际去处理问题的能力，实验能力，外语水平，计算机运用水平，书面及口头表达能力进行考核。为以后走上工作岗位打下良好的基础。 2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： （1）设计内容：对弯管机结构的总体方案选择和确定，轴承和轴的设计计算与校核，传动方案的选择、电机的选择、齿轮传动的设计，滚珠丝杠的设计等等； （2）原始数据：弯管工作台长度:3m；弯管工作台高度:1m；弯管工作台长度:1.5m；弯管材料：20号钢；最大弯管能力： mm；最大弯曲半径20mm; （3）工作要求：改善弯管操作，简化弯管流程，改进弯管机构，对于提高成品的产量和质量，提高劳动生产力，减少设备投资，节约动力消耗，降低生产成本。也就是对于达到优质高产、低耗具有重大意义。 毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 1、中英文翻译一份； 2、撰写开题报告一份； 3、方案的设计和拟定、主要参数和尺寸的确定 4、图纸设计和绘制（一套） 5、编写设计说明书。 4主要参考文献： 1 高锦张、陈文琳、贾俐俐.塑性成形工艺与模具设计，北京机械工业出版社 1998：P98110. 2 唐长平，数控弯管机的研究与开发，合肥工业大学硕士学位论文,1991:P25 3 电机工程手册编委会，机械工程手册，1982：P200215. 4 高建设、陶征、张瑞，三菱PLC编程速学与快速应用，电子工业出版社，2012:P27137. 5 陶冶.材料成形技术基础.北京机械工业出版社. 2003: P54. 6 张利平，现代液压技术应用，化学工业出版社，2009：P2835. 7 濮良贵，纪明刚 .机械设计（第七版）.北京高等教育出版社. 8 AUTOcad2004，UG6.0 ，GX.Developer. 9 机械设计手册委员会.机械设计手册.北京：机械工业出版社，2004：P73165.P245302. 10 汤漾平，小型铜管弯曲件的自动加工，锻压机械，1998. 11 张还，三菱FX系列PLC设计与开发，机械工业出版社. 12 王纪伟 黄谊 液压传动 ，机械工业出版社. 13 高丽、于涛、杨俊茹，互换性与测量技术基础，国防工业出版社，201214 彭健钧. 基于特征的复杂工件数控加工关键技术研究D.沈阳：中国科学院沈阳计算技术研究所，2012. 毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2015.12.15 选题审题截止 2015.12.16-2016.1.10 完成任务书、开题 2016.2.25-2.16.3.9 毕业实习调研，完成开题报告、中英文翻译、论文大纲 2016.3.19-2016.4.25 提交论文草稿，4月中旬中期检查 2016.4.26-2016.5.6 提交论文定稿 2016.5.6-2016.5.13 准备答辩 2016.5.13-2016.5.26 答辩，成绩评定，修改完成最终稿 所在专业审查意见：通过负责人： 2015 年 12 月23 日 设计（论文）题目：弯管机结构设计 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 一、文献综述（国内外研究情况及其发展） 我国的弯管机加工工艺，从青铜器时代开始萌芽的，并逐渐形成和发展。从殷商到春秋时期已经有了相当发达的青铜冶铸业出现了各种青铜工具，如：青铜刀、青铜锉、青铜锯等等。同时有出土文物与甲骨文记录表明，这个时期的生产的青铜工具和生活工具，在制造过程中大都要经过切削加工或研磨。在近代发展中，我国的数控弯管机研究起步较晚，但发展很快，20世纪70年代武昌造船厂就研制成功一台数控弯管机，这是国内自主研制的第一台数控弯管机。1973年武昌造船厂又成功研制了SKWG-2型数控弯管机。此后上海造船厂工艺研究所等多家国内企业也陆续研制出了数控弯管机。目前国内外弯管机管材弯曲方法很多，按照成型方法分，分为滚弯曲、模弯曲和无模弯曲三种；按照是否加热可分为热弯曲和冷弯曲两种；按照有无填充物可分为有芯弯曲和无芯弯曲两种。而有时候为满足特定形状也采用特殊弯管方法。但是大都采用机械传动，自动化成度偏低，误差较大。因此采用液压传动和步进电机代替传统的机械传动，提高精度。数控机床水平和装备的数控化程度是一个国家综合国力的集中体现,装备的数控化是振兴我国制造业的重要基础。数控机床按其功能类型大致分为金属切削加工类机床(如车、铣、铿、磨、钻、加工中心、切齿设备等)、金属成形类机床(如冲床、弯管、折弯、剪边等)和特种加工类机床(如激光加工类机床、电加工类机床、各种原理的切割机床等)。金属成形类机床的数控化起步相对较晚,发展迅速。其中数控弯管机广泛应用在汽车、家电等行业,是汽车行业重要的加工装备,各种类型的数控弯管机工艺对象和工艺过程不同,单个品种数量不多,其核心数控系统尚未形成完整的系列产品,品牌比较杂而少。在国内,塑性成形设备的特点是小批量多品种,其数控系统除了有跟一般金切机床相同的共性外,还有自己的独有的特性(如成形工艺的复杂性、控制对象的多样性、生产过程的非线性等)。由于国外塑性成形设备的数控系统一般采用专用结构,给系统的维护和升级带来很大困难,且成本昂贵。数控弯管机作为塑性成形设备之一,其应用广泛。但是,目前在国内主要弯管机生产厂家:长治锻压机床厂、江阴机械厂、上海常青机械厂、上海嘉定弯管机厂、中山市科力高自动仪设备有限公司、上海颁新弯管设备有限公司等,但大多为液压半自动弯管机,数控弯管机品种批量较少,很多产品数控系统均是在工业CP基础上自主开发或者主要是国外非主流品牌数控系统,针对性强、通用性差。国外弯管机主要生产厂家:英国ADDSINO公司、意大利BML集团、日本大洋株式会社、瑞典HERBER公司和美国伊顿公司等,主要生产数控弯管机,且数控系统均是自己公司开发配套产品。国外产品(相当TSAR一0w3弯管机)均在200万以上,国内产品约在80一120万元之间。然而，我国数控机床产业的发展一直受到国家经济状况、数控技术发展水平与国家 挟持政策的制定等三大因素的影响。我国于1958年研制第一台数控机床发展过程大致可分为三大阶段。第一阶段由于我国基础理论研究滞后，国产数控系统的可靠性差，相关工业基础薄弱，特别是电子技术落后，数控系统没有突破性发展处于起步阶段；第二阶段从日、美、德、英、韩等国及台湾地区引进先进数控机床技术并与他们合资生产，解头了可靠性、稳定性等问题。数控机床开始正式生产和使用，并逐步向前发展；第三阶段国家从科技攻关和技术改造两方面对数控机床产进行了重点扶持，并加快了国产数控系统的开发。普及型数控系统开发成功，为数控机床商品化和规模化生产奠定了基础。数控机床进入了快速发展期。国产数控弯管机存在的问题 由于中国技术水平和工业基础还比较落后。数控弯管机的性能、水平和可靠性与工业发达国家相比还是有很大的差距，尤其是数控系统的可靠性还较差。数控产业尚未真正形成。并且存在很多问题。 1、核心技术严重缺乏 统计数据表明：数控弯管机的核心技术中国需要从国外进口。如在上海设厂的德国吉特迈集团和意大利利雅路机床集团，所有的核心技术都被外方掌握。国内能做的中、高端数控弯管机更多处于组装和制造环节，普遍未掌握核心技术。目前世界最大的3家厂商是日本发那客、德国西门子、日本三菱。 2、技术创新和成果转化与市场脱节 适销对路的产品是企业在市场竞争中取胜的根本，而技术创新是产品满足市 场需要的关键。多数企业在确定数控技术创新项目上没有突出重点，市场定位不明确，不能集中力量突破重点带动整体，项目安排带有盲目性。这样不仅浪费了有限的人力物力还难以取得成就。 3、缺乏先进的管理机制 国内很多企业都受到机制不健全、缺乏经营、劳动生产率低下等问题的严重困扰。缺乏吸引高层次、高素质人才创新创业的环境。无法有效整合相关技术、产业和资源优势。所以必须按照经济发展的客观要求，真正确立以用户为中心的市场经济观念，认真调整产品结构和组织结构，使国内数控健康快速发展。数控弯管机发展方向第一，高速化。高速化是提高生产效率的措施之一，可以为企业取得良好地经济效益。 第二，高精度化。数控弯管机精度的要求现在已经不局限于静态的几何精度，机床的运动精度、热变形以及对振动的监测和补偿越来越获得重视。 第三，功能复合化。复合弯管机的含义是指在一台机床上实现或尽可能完成从毛坯至成品的多种要素加工。采用复合弯管机进行加工，减少了工件装卸、更换和调整刀具的辅助时间以及中间过程中产生的误差，提高了零件加工精度，缩短了产品制造周期，提高了生产效率和制造商的市场反应能力，相对于传统的工序分散的生产方法具有明显的优势。 第四，控制智能化。随着人工智能技术的发展，为了满足制造业生产柔性化、制造自动化的发展需求，数控弯管机的智能化程度在不断提高。具体体现在以下几个方面：加工过程自适应控制技术；加工参数的智能优化与选择；智能故障自诊断与自修复技术；智能故障回放和故障仿真技术等。 第五，极端化（大型化和微型化)。国防、航空、航天事业的发展和能源等基础产业装备的大型化需要大型且性能良好的数控弯管机的支撑。而超精密加工技术和微纳米技术是21世纪的战略技术，需发展能适应微小型尺寸和微纳米加工精度的新型制造工艺和装备，所以微型机床包括微切削加工(车、铣、磨)机床、微电加工机床、微激光加工机床和微型压力机等的需求量正在逐渐增大。 第六，信息交互网络化。对于面临激烈竞争的企业来说，使数控弯管机具有双向、高速的联网通讯功能，以保证信息流在车间各个部门间畅通无阻是非常重要的。既可以实现网络资源共享，又能实现数控机床的远程监视、控制、培训、教学、管理，还可实现数控装备的数字化服务(数控机床故障的远程诊断、维护等)。参考文献【1】刘勇，西山美，金森H.和福田先生，2002。液压随着过滤旁通流量和影响弯管流量计的特点。该jsidre交易，70（6），63-68。（在日本）。 2 元，b-z.，西山，S.，深田恭子，M和H，博士论文，2003。旁路流量仪表使用弯头液压设计程序，交易协会，46（2），279-285。 3 赵C，西山美，福田先生和井上M.，2005。发展控制灌溉系统流量计。交易的jsidre，73（4），85-89。（在日本） 4 班尼特，A.S.，冯梅尔，博士，hundtoft，E，1987。循环罐在灌溉管道喷射的化学系统，交易的ASAE，30（5），1435-1439。 5 larhrafi，M.，西山，S.，1996。旁通流量过弯在微灌系统注入化学，交易的ASAE，39（4），1321-1327。【6】太阳J.，西山，S.，元，b-z.和深田恭子，M.，2007。发展和化学灌溉系统管道的弯曲特性。该jsidre交易，75（6）：127133。（在日本） 7 Replogle，J. A.，1971。修改肘米统计流量。美国农业工程师学会会刊，14（5），987-989，994。【8】ITO，H，T，该，今井，K.，商事，Y.，长谷川，S.，1983。为90o弯管流量计的流量系数，MEM。研究所的高速机甲。，东北大学，50（432）。（在日本） 9 Replogle，J. A.，梅尔斯，E.，爆裂，K. J.，1966。评价管弯管流量计，分裂的灌溉排水学报，ASCE，92（IR3），17。 10 mhammed L.，西山，S.，1996。旁路流量特性在PVC管的弯头，美国农业工程师学会会刊，39（2），505-510。 11 西山，S.，草香，T.，矢野，T.，福田，M.，岳，G.，1999。使用弯管旁路流量计水力设计，程序在农业工程国际会议（99-icae），251，北京，247。 12 西山，S.，草香，T，T，矢野，iyanaga，K.，1999。液压利用弯管流量计的特点，国际年ASAE / csae-scgr，多伦多安大略，加拿大会议，文件。992168。 13沈鸿机械设计手册M北京机械工业出版社,1982 14杨宝光.液压机M.北京：机械工业出版社，1981.4 15俞新陆.锻压机械液压传动M北京：机械工业出版社，1982.3 16成大先机械设计手册(单行本)M北京化学工业出版社,2004 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 一、本次设计主要解决以下问题： （1）弯管模的弯矩计算 （2）传动系统的设计 （3）控制系统的设计 （4）驱动系统的设计 二、本次设计主要拟采用的研究手段 1、根据工作要求及设计要求确定其工作原理，选择机构及传动方式。 2、初步确定主机、主要元件或构件的基本参数和技术性能，如功率、承载、速度、行程或调节幅度、外形尺寸等。在运动分析的基础上进行动力分析，确定各机构各部分传递的功率、转矩和力的大小，根据这些数据和使用要求进行强度、刚度、发热效率等方面的计算和校核，使设计出的数控空间角度数控弯管机在给定的工作年限内工作。 3、通常提出几种不同方案，从技术、设计、成本等各个方面比较论证，选择最理想的，即在考虑满足职能要求的同时，要注意取得较好的经济效果，能满足给定的生产效率。 4、对驱动系统进行分析，查阅机械设计手册，进行相关零件的设计及校核，计算各零部件的相关参数。 5、查阅机械设计手册对弯管机进行整体机构的设计，根据所采用的机构，所选择的驱动系统，完成弯管机的整体布局。分析弯管机的受力，进行强度校核。 6、综上工作，完成弯管机的最终设计，进行设计说明书的编写。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：该文献综述论述范围较广，能够反映学生具有一定的查阅文献资料的能力，并且也具备了下一步研究课题的相关知识，同意开题。 2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：该课题深度、广度适中，符合本科生的毕业设计的要求，学生能够顺利完成该毕业设计。 3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2016 年 03 月 09 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 03 月 09 日译文题目： 弯管机结构设计 The research and realization of the ultra-low and constant speed control technology about the cylinder for the large caliber pipe Bender Fang XiuRong, Yang DanFeng2l.Department of Mechanical Engineering Xian University of Science and Technology, Xian,China. fangxrO 2.China National Heavy Machinery Research institute Co.,Ltd, Xian,China YDF711020 ydf711020Abstract-The ultra-low and constant speed control is one of the key techniques that the large caliber pipe bender can use to achieve bend automatic process. This technology which could analyze the working requirements of the pipe benders heating, introduces the single-cylinder pulling and bending driving form and uses the hydraulic control technique to realize the stationary and reliability in the cylinders ultra-low speed motion. Additionally, it will prevent the phenomenon of vibration and arc ridging in the process of thin-wall pipes bending and assures a high quality of large bend caliber pipes with different bending radiuses and bending angles. At the same time, this technology could also be promoted and appliedin any hydraulic controlled devices which need a stable and low-speeding operation. Keywords- large caliber pipe bender; ultra-low and constant speed; cylindeIntroductionI. INTRODUCTION As our countries oil flow and transportation of gas are being adjusted, the need for large caliber pipe bender is gradually increasing, for numerous large caliber pipes with flexible direction changing are demanded. Middle frequency heating hydraulic bending pipe is not only an important part of the pipeline, but a vital subject of large caliber pipes project. Its working principle is to heat steel pipes (including low alloy steel pipe and stainless steel pipe, ect.) by middle frequency power supply, while using the hydraulic cylinder to push tubes uniformly,so that heated steel pipes will walk along the preset tracks to form to be some bending pipes with certain radiuses and angles.(1) For therere many artificial factors, lots of domestic developing pipe benders have problems on quality control, especially in the field of pushing speed. Pushing and bending are even driven by hoister and wire rope, as a result, the pushing speed is unstable, which results in wrinkled surface, irregular geometry and poor ellipticity. Foreign middle frequency heating pipe benders can be divided into two categories: mechanical and hydraulic. The mechanical bender features huge structure, heavy weight, large occupying space and high cost. While, the hydraulic bender adopts dual hydraulic cylinders, in which the main pushing cylinder has a smaller bore, and cylinders low speed is quite easy tocontrol. But as both hydraulic and electric control systems have to control solve the synchronous problem,corresponding and costs will increase.(2)II. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LARGE CALIBER MIDDLEFREQUENCY HEATING HYDRAULIC PIPE BENDER Large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender is a new type of automated processing equipment of bending pipe, which is driven by hydraulic system and pushed by single cylinder. This device can process bending pipe whose caliber range from 610 mm to 1524 mm into different radiuses and angles. The bender is consisted of five parts: host/ hydraulic system/ middle frequency heating/ cooling and electric control. To ensure a high quality of the bending pipe and safety of the system, the technology of pushing and bending of large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender becomes one of the key technologies. The pushing bar technology of large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender adopts pipe bender single-cylinder driving form, avoiding the free running phenomenon which is brought by the double-cylinder. Furthermore, this technology which is better than other forms ensures a simple/ compact structure, and provides a reliable/ stable and low-speeding operation.The type of bending and pushing pipes diagram is shown in the figure 1. The single hydraulic cylinder 1 pushes the mobile beam 2, the heated steel tube 3 and tumbler 8. At a fixed radius to makes the pipe formed, and the cylinder stroke could be inspected by rotary encoder.Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Commission （ Program NO. 2010JK661)1-cylinder;2-moblile beam;3-front figure;4-pipe blank 5-supporting roller;6-inductive coil;7-back figure;8-swivel arm;Figure 1.Diagram about bending pipe using pushing and bending middle frequencyIII. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS ABOUT SINGLE-CYLINDERS BENDING AND PUSHING CONTROL SYSTEM OF PIPE BENDER. The large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender adopts single-cylinder pushing form, in which way the device avoids the free running phenomenon which is brought by the double-cylinder. But this type of benders own big bore, long stroke (piston diameter: 280mm,plunger diameter: 250mm, stroke: 7800mm) and the process demands a slow pushing speed (20200mm/min),while the congener cylinders national standards (JB/T6134-2006) stipulate that the minimum speed is 480mm/min, so the target is to achieve a slow/constant speed of operation and overcome the phenomenon crawl in this operation by controlling techniques. Especially, in order to avoid the phenomenon of vibration and arc ridging in the process of thin-wall pipes bending,the pushing and bending speed must be slow and steady, and the lowest speed is 20mm/min which has extremely exceeded the congener devices. In the conventional hydraulic control system, the control modes of cylinders speed can be divided into four categories: speed control of volume; speed control of throttle; speed control combining volume and throttle; speed control driving by variable frequency. But all of these types fail to meet the demands of ultra-low and constant speed, as a result, this system adopts a dedicated speed control combining volume and throttle which will not only give back-pressure to circuit of oil cylinder, improve systems rigidity, but also use digital hydraulic servo control systemfor speed control which has achieved a 20mm/min speed Requirement.IV. HYDRAULIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY OF CYLINDERWITH ULTRA-LOW AND CONSTANT SPEEDThe control system of cylinder with ultra-low and constant speed adopts a kind of speed control mode combining dedicated volume and throttle. Namely, it introduces the appropriative speed control system which is consisted of digital hydraulic servo variable capacity pump and proportional speed-regulating valve to realize open loop and closed loon control.The principle of control is shown in figure 2. When pipe bender is in the state of pushing,the electronic control system will make instructions: electromagnets 1 DT、 2D、3DT、4DT、7DT get charged, making digital hydraulic servo controller with variable capacity 2 control the digital hydraulic servo variable capacity pump 1, so that output flow decreases, then fixes it in a specific value,making a constant flow. Next, use the proportional speed-regulating valve 8 regulates the speed of the main pushing cylinder 9 and this cylinders speed would feedback to the computer timely via the speed probe 10. After comparing with the specified speed, electronic control system would instruct the proportional speed-regulating valve to continue adjusting both the output flow and pushing velocity to realize the closed loop control when the actual speed and set speed isnt inosculated.As the same time,it also can use manual speed control to realize open loop control. As shown in the figure: the proportional pressure valve 4, controls the systems pushing pressure, the proportional pressure valve 7 controls the back pressure of the main pushing cylinders front chamber, in this way the stability of cylinders low-speeding operation can be improved. The electrohydraulic reversal valve 6 controls the idle stroke and return trip of the main pushing cylinder. 1-Variable capacity pump;2-controller with variable capacity;3-Electromagnetic unloading value;4-Proportional pressure value5-Electromagnetic value;6-Electromagnetic reversal value;7-Proportional pressure value;8-proportional speed value;9-main pushing cylinder;10-speed probe deviceFigure 2.ultra-low and constant speed control principle picture of large caliber pipe benders cylinderLarge main pushing cylinders ultra-low and constant speed control (piston D=280mm, piston rod diameter d=250mm, stroke H=7800mm) adopts a control mode combining the digital hydraulic servo variable capacity pump and the proportional speed-regulating valve. When a tube isnt heated uniformly and the resistance is changing, the speed of pushing began to vary, and then the speed probe feedback device will inform the electronic control system timely which will adjust the pumps output flow to stabilize the pushing speed; After comparison with the given speed, the output flow of digital hydraulic servo variable capacity pump and the proportional speed-regulating valve be adjusted by the digital hydraulic servo controller with variable capacity, so that the operating speed of main pushing cylinder could run as the set velocity to realize a open loop or closed loop control.Engineering practices proved that this pushing and bending technology ensures a stable and reliable operating system which could produce smooth surfaces for bending pipes, especially for thin-wall bending pipes when compared with other equipments. And products performance index like ovality and decreasing thin rate are better than congener products, whose quality meet needs of the QISYXQl6-2001 Technical specifications of bending pipe using induction heating in the project of West-East natural gas transmission. While some parameters and technical specifications in this standard are higher than the international standard IS015590-1: 2001Bending pipe using induction heating in the pipeline transportation system of oil and gas industry.V、HYDRAULIC SYSTEM HYDRAULIC PRESSER DRIVE AND AIRHydraulic System Hydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved. After the World War I (1914-1918), because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G Constantimscofluctuations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; In 1910 on the hydraulic transmission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development. The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, Hydraulic Industry. Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader. Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industrial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel industry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices. A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil.The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice. In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equipment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending andretracting the relief valve opened and closed. For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced readymade circuit diagram symbols. Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures. DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted. Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the system With mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages: 1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout. 2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response. 3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of step less speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1). 4, to achieve overload protection automatically. 5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life; 6, it is easy to achieve linear motion 7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved. The shortcomings of the hydraulic system: 1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion. 2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions. 3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and cannotbe strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology. In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, cannot even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage. Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (i.e., sealed lips) two. The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the same time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil temperature. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased compression, so that action cannot be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc. 2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, cannot avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system. 3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydraulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environments. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the environment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment. Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: fever, with a father (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on. Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech. - Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process technology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the development of hydraulic torque converter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction. Pneumatic Industry: - Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temperature, high voltagedirection, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials. (1) Used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa; (2) diversification of regulation and control; (3) To further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain; (4) Development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear; (5) Development of energy saving, energy efficient system function; (6) to further reduce the noise; (7) Application of Hydraulic Cartridge Valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spill. CONCLUSIONS Large caliber middle frequency heating hydraulic pipe bender adopts the digital hydraulic servo control system. This type of bender runs smoothly and avoids the phenomenon of vibration and arc ridging in the process of bending thin-wall pipe. 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Beijing: Higher Education Press.有无不同波峰弯管流的设备灌施摘要：化学灌溉应用广泛,它通常是不同种类的化学品通过灌溉系统来灌溉不同农作物。旁路流化学喷射器是使用弯管设备的一个简单的方法。液压试验弯管设备采用30毫米内进行直径弯管设备无嵴（旁路设计1），外壁上具有一个5毫米大小的波峰（旁路设计2），外壁上具有一个10毫米大小的波峰（旁路设计3），与两个10毫米大小在内外弯管壁的波峰（旁路设计4号）。对主管道流量（Q），旁路流量（Q），压力无旁路流量差（DH0）和压差旁路流量（DH）的弯管内外之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明，该模参数DH / Q2季度排名不同的流类型：4 321号，他们也是不变的系数。然后，化学肥料可注入一个在弯管装置旁通流量的恒定流量灌溉系统,但化学肥料伴随着原来的混合解决方案时间如水被稀释流入水箱。在一个灌溉系统，旁路流量的目的是使用不同的弯管设备，达到无脊。关键词：循环流动；离心力；管灌施；弯曲装置一、引言在农业经营中，低成本的设备和低能源消耗是必要的生产成本。灌施，适用于多种化学品对多种作物通过不同类型的灌溉，系统可以通过三种方法实现：积极泵，文丘里装置和压差喷射器。在许多系统中，一个单一的设备不能准确覆盖整个注射范围。通常情况下至少两注射装置，与低一个适度注射速率范围内，达到所需的合适剂量对于化学灌溉率。水通过管道拐弯的时候装置，外界的水压力高于由于水的离心力里面。如果弯管设备的内部和外部连接管路，旁通流是这个路径生成。因此，在旁路路径添加一个化学槽，弯管设备可用于在注射化学肥料灌溉系统。使用弯管器旁路注入提供了一注入化学物质为压力参考线当电源不可用或简单、经济的方法使用，但循环灌施产生减少浓度。也就是说，化学肥料可通过在管旁通流量注入灌溉系统弯曲装置在一个恒定的流量，但化学内容被时光如水流入罐稀释和混合与原方案。在一个灌溉系统，该可以使用不同的旁路流量达到目的。弯管设备没有与不同的波峰。旁路流化学注射器使用弯管设备上的压差产生的基础之间的内部和外部的墙在一个弯曲的中点用流动的水的离心力管装置。一个弯管或弯头装置主要集中研究作为一个流量计 1，2，3 ，而很少强调的是一个弯管装置化学注射 4，5 ，6的用法。西山（1996） 5 主要集中在寻找弯管器孔的位置自适应，并很少有插图的水力特性弯管设备没有与不同的波峰。一个弯管和弯头装置，Replogle等人。（1971） 7 和Ito等（1983） 8 简单描述的关系流量与压差方程形式：Q=MQ=放电，M =系数取决于弯头或弯管装置的几何形状和H =头部造成的这是通过测量压力的压力差位于肘或管内外半径的水龙头弯曲装置在弯管的中点。本研究的对象是：（1） 明确商业的水力特性PVC管材弯曲设备90o和不具有不同的波峰通过基础实验，表明关系主管道流量（Q）之间，旁路流量（Q），和压差旁路流（DH）和无旁路流量（DH0）弯头内外设备。（2） 分析不同弯管设备形状的影响在旁路流量的波峰。找到途径增加在弯管装置压差和通过旁路流量增加注射速率。二、实验仪器布置图1显示了必要的相关配置实验仪器组成，其中水从水箱通过水泵。一个普通的水流量计（国内），一个商业化生产的管材弯曲一个简单的差压计的主要组成部分系统。旁路管路连接弯管在45主要弯管装置从中点。主由水流量计在测量管排水测量的是管道和旁路放电数字流量传感器，而主水流量管（Q）和绕行路线的水流量（Q）进行了调整，通过调节阀B和D的绕行路线管内直径12毫米，长度为120厘米。弯管装置在水平位置测试。1、主管主管2、价值流量表3、浮子流量计旁路途径 4、旁路路径值5、压力表管6、压力表管7、压力表板图1旁路和压实验装置设计管子的弯曲装置的特征表现在图2。曲率半径（R）为90毫米（精度在%8 D（内管弯曲直径= 30mm），和%10 R，日本）。有四个弯头实验设备：无嵴（旁路设计1），外壁上具有一个5毫米大小的波峰（旁路设计二），外壁上具有一个10毫米大小的波峰（旁路设计3）和两个10 mm处内外墙内的弯管（旁路设计4号）。的波峰的形状和大小不同的是2号，3号和4号。内径尺寸是10毫米的孔，在弯管处。内外壁压力使用2毫米的测压孔位于管测弯曲的中点。图3显示的压力表的安装在上游和下游的绕行路线两侧几何特征通过OB的节图2。图2部分细节和四管弯头的水力特性设备。图3：详细的部分旁路入口和出口和压力计的水龙头在图2中的部分肥胖图1和图3显示的压力表的安装在上游和下游的绕行路线结束。那里是在内径2 mm计水龙头和弯管外，这是从45点管道弯曲装置入口。内外墙采用2为每个弯管设备压力mm测压孔位于弯