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译文题目： Transmission design 汽车变速器设计 Transmission designAs we all know automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve.Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = WT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions. General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle. When the growth rate of car drivers choose two stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2-file synchronization and file a joint separation after 2 stall and lock the output shaft gear, power transmission line similar, the difference is that the output shaft gear of a stall 2 stall replaced by the output shaft gear driven. 2 stall Biansuchilun typical transmission ratio is 2.2:1, 2.2 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle than a stall speed increase, lower torque. When refueling vehicle drivers growth stalls option 3, Plectrum to 1 / 2 back to the free file-synchronization position, and also allows the 3 / 4 file synchronization Mobile stall until 3 in the output shaft gear lock, power can be into the shaft axis - intermediate shaft - the output shaft of the three stalls Biansuchilun, led through three stalls Biansuchilun output shaft. 3 stalls typical transmission ratio is 1.7:1, 1.7 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle is further growth. When car drivers Option 4 refueling growth stalls, Plectrum will be 3 / 4 from the 3-file synchronization stall gear directly with the input shaft gear joint initiative, and power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, the transmission ratio at 1:1, that the input shaft and output shaft speed the same. The driving force without intermediate shaft, also known as direct file, the file transmission than the maximum transmission efficiency. Most cars run-time files are used directly to achieve the best fuel economy. Shift into the first interval when, in a free transmission when Biansuchilun output shaft is not locked in, they cannot rotate the output shaft driven, not power output. General automotive manual transmission than the main 1-4 stalls, usually the first designers to determine the minimum (one stall) and maximum (4 files) transmission ratio, the middle stall drive by geometric progression than the general distribution. In addition, there are stalls Daodang and speeding, speeding file is also known as the five stalls. When the car to accelerate to more than car drivers with the choice of five stalls, and a typical five-transmission ratio is 0.87:1, which is driven by a pinion gear, the gear when the initiative to 0.87 zone, passive gear have been transferred to a circle of the End. Dao Dang, the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation. If one pair of meshing gears when we reverse rotation, with a middle gear, it will become the same to the rotation. Use of this principle, we should add a gear Daodang the media will be rotational direction reversed, it will have a Daodang axis. Daodang installed in the transmission shaft independent crust, and the intermediate shaft parallel axis gear with the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, will be contrary to the output shaft. Daodang usually used for the synchronization control also joins five stalls, stalls and Daodang 5 position in the same side. As a middle gear, the general transmission Daodang transmission ratio greater than 1 file transmission ratio, by twisting, steep slope with some vehicles encountered on the progress stalls falters with a Daodang boost. Ride from the driver of the considerations, better transmission stall, stall adjacent stall more than the transmission changes the ratio of small, and easy to shift smoothly. However, the short comings of the stalls is more transmission structure is complicated, bulky, light vehicle transmission is generally 4-5 stalls. At the same time, transmission ratio is not integral, but with all of the decimal point, it is because of the gear teeth meshing is not caused by the whole multiples of two gear teeth can lead to the whole multiples of two meshing gears of uneven wear, making the tooth surface quality have a greater difference. Manual transmission and synchronizerManual transmission is the most common transmission, or MT. Its basic structure sum up in one sentence, is a two-axle shaft, where input shaft, the shaft axis and intermediate shaft, which constitute the main body of the transmission and, of course, a Daodang axis. Manual transmission known as manual gear transmission, which can be in the axial sliding gears, the gears meshing different variable speed reached twisting purpose. Typical manual transmission structure and principles are as follows. Input shaft also said that the first axis, and its front-end spline driven directly with the clutch disc sets with the spline , by the transfer of torque from the engine. The first axis of the intermediate shaft and gears meshing gears often, as long as the shaft axis to a turn, the intermediate shaft and gear also will be rotating. Vice also said intermediate shaft axis, the axis-even more than the size gear. Also known as the second output shaft axis, the axis of various sets of gear stall progress can be manipulated at any time in the role of the device and the corresponding intermediate shaft gear meshing, thus changing its speed and torque. With the end of the output shaft spline associated with the drive shaft through the drive shaft torque transmitted to the drive axle reducer. Thus, progress stalls drive transmission path is: input shaft gear often rodents - often rodents intermediate shaft gear - corresponding intermediate shaft gear - the second axis corresponding gear. Reversing the gear shaft can be manipulated by the device pick in the axis movement, and the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, to the contrary to the direction of rotation output. Most cars have five stalls and a Daodang forward, a certain degree of each stall transmission ratio, the majority of stalls transmission ratio greater than 1, 4 file transmission ratio of 1, known as direct stalls, and transmission ratio is less than 1 No. 5 stall called accelerated stall. Free at the output shaft gear in a position of non-engagement, unacceptable power transmission. The transmission input shaft and output shaft rotational speed to their own, transform a stall when there is a synchronous. Two different rotational speed gear meshing force will impact the collision occurred, damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to a feet-off approach, or stall on the location of the free stay for a while by stalls in the free position refueling doors, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is relatively more complicated and difficult to grasp accurate. So designers create a synchronized, and allows synchronization through the meshing of gears to be consistent speed and smooth meshing. At present Synchronous Transmission is based on the synchronization of inertia, mainly from joint sets, synchronous lock ring, and so on, it is characterized by friction on the role of synchronization. Splice sets Genlock engagement ring gear and the ring gear when it had Chamfer (Lock angle), Genlock within the cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear contact friction. Lock and cone angle has been made in the design of an appropriate choice to be made friction cone of the teeth meshing with the ring gear quickly sets pace at the same time will have a Lock role and to prevent the gears meshing in sync before. When synchronization lock cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear after contact in the effects of friction torque gear speed quickly lower (or higher) with the same speed synchronous lock ring, the two synchronous rotation of the gear Genlock Central zero speed, thus moment of inertia also disappear, then in force under the impetus of engagement sets unhindered and synchronization lock ring gear engagement, and further engagement with the question of gear engagement and the completion Gear Shift Process.The automatic gearboxThe automatic gearbox chooses to block the pole the equal to moving the stick shift of the gearbox, having generally below several blocks:P( parking), R( pour to block), N( get empty to block), D( go forward), S( or2, namely for 2 block soon), L.( or1, namely for 1 block soon)This several an usage for blocking a right usages coming driver the automatic gearbox is automotive of person to say particularly important, underneath let us very much familiar with once automatic gearbox eachly blockings main theme.The usage of the P ( the parking blocks)The launches the luck turns as long as choose to block the pole in driving the position, automatic gearbox car run about very easily.But park, choose to block the pole must pull into of P, from but pass the internal parking system in gearbox moves the device will output the stalk lock lives, combining to tense the hand system move, preventing the car ambulation.The usage of the R( pour to block)R a control for is pouring blocking, using inside wanting slicing recording, automatic gearbox car unlike moving gearbox car so can using half moving, so while reversing the car wanting special attention accelerating pedal.The usage of the N( get empty to block)The N is equal to get empty to block, can while starting or hour of trailer usage.At wait for the signal or block up the car will often often choose to block the pole keeps in the of D, trampling at the same time the next system move.If time is very short, do like this is an admission of, but if stop the time long time had better change into of N, combine to tense the hand system moves.Because choose to block the pole in driving the position, the automatic gearbox car has generally and all to drive the trend faintly, long hours trample the system move same as a deterrent this kind of trend, make gearbox oil gone up, the oil liquid changes in character easily.Particularly in the air condition machine work, launch the soon higher circumstance in machine bottom more disadvantageous.Some pilots for the sake of stanza oil, at made good time or go down slope will choose to block the pole pull the of N skids, this burn the bad gearbox very easily, launching the machine to revolves soon in the however because the gearbox outputs at this time the stalk turns soon very high, the oil pump provides the oil shortage, lubricating the condition worsen, burn the bad gearbox easily.The usage of the D( go forward to block)Will choose to block when is normal to drive the pole put in the of D, car can at 1 4 block( or 3 block) its change to block automatically.The of D drives the position most in common usely. What demand control is: Because the automatic gearbox is soon high and low with car to come to make sure to block according to the accelerator size a, so accelerate the pedal operation method is different, changing to block the hour of the car is soon too not same alike.If start hour quick accelerate the pedal tramples the bottom, rising to block the night, accelerating the ability is strong, arriving certain car soon behind, then will accelerate the pedal loosen to open very quickly, car can rise to block immediately, launch like this the machine voice is small, comfortable good.The another characteristics of the D is a compulsory low blocking, easy to high speed the hour overtakes a car, will accelerate quickly in of D drove the pedal trample after all, connect the compulsory low fend off the pass and then can reduce to block automatically, the car accelerates very quickly, after overtaking a car loosen to open the pedal of acceleration to can rise to block automatically again.The usage of the S, of L low the usage that blockThe automatic gearbox in in is placed in the low blocking the scope on of S or of Ls, can usage under an etc. circumstance.It change to can make use of to launch well into of S or of Ls the mechanism move, avoiding the car wheel system move the machine over hot, cause the system move the effect descent while going down slope.But change into from the of D of S or of L, car soon cant higher than rise to block the car homologously soon, otherwise strong vibration in opportunity to launch, make gearbox oil hoicked, even will damage the gearbox.The is another at rain fog weather hour, if the road adheres to the term bad, can change into a position for or of L, fixing at somely first lowly blocking driving, doing not use can automatically changing blocking, in order to prevent the car beats slippery.Must keep firmly in mind at the same time, beat the slippery hour can will choose to block the pole pushes into a motive for, cutting off launching machine, toing guarantee a car the safety. 汽车变速器设计正如我们所知道的汽车发动机在一定的速度下才能达到最佳的状态，相比之下发出的动力比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们总是希望发动机能始终处于最佳状态下工作。然而，使用汽车时需要有不同的速度，从而与之产生冲突，这些冲突要通过变速器才能解决。汽车变速器的作用用一句话来总结，称为变速扭矩，就是速度增加扭矩减小或速度减小扭矩增大。为什么可以速度增加扭矩减小，速度减小扭矩增大呢？对于发动机输出功率相同，功率可以表示为N = wT，其中w是转动角速度。当N相同时，T和w是成反比的。因此，速度增加扭矩减小，速度减小扭矩增大。对于变扭原理的汽车变速器变速器，各种档位对应于不同的传动比，并且能适应不同的运行工况。一般一个手动变速箱里设有输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，也被称为三轴式，以及还有倒档轴。三轴是传动部分的主要结构，输入轴的转速就是发动机的转速，中间轴与输出轴之间的啮合，从而产生的速度就是输出轴的转速。不同的齿轮啮合产生的传动比也是不同的，从而产生不同的速度。司机们在选择启动车档1档时，拨叉将1 / 2档齿轮和1档同步啮合并且锁定在输出轴上，1档齿轮上的动力输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，1档齿轮带动输出轴，然后将输出轴上的动力传递到驱动轴上（红色箭头）。一个典型的1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1，也就是说输入轴转三圈和输出轴转一圈。当汽车加速的时候司机选择2档，拨叉将1 / 2档齿轮同步器和1档分离后与2档齿轮相连接并锁定输出轴上，功率传输线相同，不同的是，输出轴齿轮从原来的1档变为2档，然后2档来使输出轴齿轮转动。典型2档变速齿轮传动比为2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈时，输出轴转一圈，相对于比1档转速增加，扭矩减小。当汽车加速的时候司机选择3档，拨叉将1 / 2档同步器回到空档，并且还允许3 / 4档同步器移动直到3档在输出轴齿轮上锁定，可以在输入轴、中间轴、输出轴中输出动力，3档变速齿轮带动输出轴转动。典型3档变速齿轮传动比为1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴只要转1圈，是速度进一步增加。当汽车加速的时候司机选择4档，拨叉将3 / 4档齿轮同步器与3档脱离直接与输入轴主动齿轮相连接，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，在传动比1:1，即输入轴和输出轴转速相同。因为动力不经过中间轴，也被称为直接档，直接档输出比中间档输出大。大多数汽车运行时使用直接档，从而来实现最佳的燃油经济性。当变速齿轮输出轴不能被锁定时换档要先挂入空档，他们不能带动输出轴转动，从而就没有动力输出。一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分1-4档，通常设计者首先确定最小（1档）和最大（4档）的传动比，中间各档传动比一般按等比级数分配。此外，还有倒档和超速档，超速档也被称为5档。当汽车加速的时候司机选择五档，一个典型的5档传动比为0.87:1，这是由一个小齿轮带动，当主动齿轮转0.87圈，被动齿轮已经转完1圈结束。倒档，是相反方向旋转的输出轴。如果一对齿轮啮合时，大家反向旋转，加一个中间齿轮，它将变成相同方向的旋转。利用这一原理，我们要添加一个齿轮倒档的“媒体”将旋转方向改变成相反的，然后就有乐一个倒档轴。倒档轴独立装在变速器壳里面，平行于中间轴，平行轴齿轮与中间轴和输出轴齿轮啮合，将与输出轴相反。通常倒档用的同步器也控制5档，5档与倒档在同一边儿。作为一个中间齿轮，一般变速器倒档传动比大于1档传动比大，扭矩增大，一些车辆遇到陡坡的时候使用前进档没用，就用倒档来使车子前进。从驾驶者乘坐的考虑，变速器档位越多越好，相邻的档位比变速器的变速率小，且易于换挡平顺。然而，档位越多的缺点就是传动结构复杂，体积庞大，轻型汽车变速器一般是4-5档。同时，传动比不是整数，而是带有小数点，它是因为齿轮啮合不是由齿轮的整倍数造成的，2个齿轮齿数如果是整倍数，那么就会导致不均匀的磨损，使齿轮表面质量有更大的差异。手动变速器与同步器手动变速器是最常见的变速器，简称MT。用一句话来概括就是两轴一中，就是输入轴、轴出轴和中间轴，它们构成了变速器的主体，当然还有一个倒档轴。手动变速器称为手动齿轮式变速器，有轴向滑动的齿轮，不同齿轮啮合从而来改变速度和转矩。典型的手动变速器的结构和原理如下。输入轴也叫第一轴，其前端花键直接与离合器盘套与花键配合，通过从发动机转矩的传递。第一轴的中间齿轮和齿轮的常啮合，只要