2014年全国职称英语考试 卫生类A级 阅读理解与完形填空考前预测 已排序 密押(卫生A).doc

阅读理解：第四十二篇more about alzheimers disease scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with alzheimers disease1 and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological disorder. the only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia. “ since alois alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago，people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages2，” said patricia grady，acting director3 of the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke in bethesda, maryland. this discovery, if confirmed, could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease. ” alzheimers is the single greatest cause4 of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2. 5 million and 4 million people in the united states alone5. the devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function，and eventually causes death.6 there is currently no known treatment for the disease. researches discovered that the skin cells of alzheimer s patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells. the fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that7 alzheimers results from physiological changes throughout the body，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain, scientists said. the flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation8. the scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells supply of calcium, another critical element. one test developed by researches calls for9 growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govern the flow of potassium are open. open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.a spokesman for the alzheimers association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important development, but cautioned that other promising tests for alzheimers have been disappointing.10 词汇：neurological /inju9r9ldd3ik9l/ adj.神经病 学的dementia /di丨menjis/ n.痴呆 deterioration /dtiomreijan/ n.恶化，退化 devastating /devosteitib/ adj.破坏性极大的，毁灭性的 defect /diifekt，difekt / n.缺损，毛病 physiological / 丨fizio 丨lt)d3ikal/ adj.生理的； 生理学的 potassium /pstaesiom/ n.钟formation /fo: meijsn/ n.形成，组成calcium /kaelsism/ n.考丐microscopic / 丨maikrs丨skdpik / adj.极小的，微小的 一signature /signitj9(r) / n. i只另!j标志；署名，签名，签字 validity /vslidsti/ n.效力，有效（性注释：1. to identify people with alzheimers disease ； 老性痴呆识别患早老性痴呆的人;alzheimers disease:早2. in its early stages：在它的早期阶段 3. acting director：执行主任4. the singly greatest cause：唯一的重要原因5. in the united states alone：仅在美国6. the devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function, and eventually causes death.这种毁灭性的疾病逐渐破坏记忆和行动的能力，最终导致死亡。7. the fact that. suggests that.：事实表明 ，8. cells responsible for memory formation ：对记忆的形成至关重要的细胞9. call for：要求10. . but cautioned that other promising tests for alzheimers have been disappointing. 但提醒人们其他有关早老性痴呆症的试验曾经也颇有吸引力，结果却令人失望。练习：1. the newly developed skin tests may be used in the future to allow doctors to a cure those with alzheimers disease.b discover the cause of alzheimers disease. c predict who might get alzheimers disease. d find the consequences of alzheimers disease.2. the passage indicates that alzheimers is a diseasea common to people，old and young.b not costly to be cured. c easy to be handled. d not easy to be diagnosed.3. which of the following statements about the alzheimers disease is not true? a it was so named because alois alzheimer first described it.b it is the greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people. c it can gradually destroy memory and eventually cause death. d there are many ways to deal with and cure the disease now.4. what is the relationship between alzheimers and dementia? a dementia is one of the signs of alzheimers.b alzheimers is one of the causes of dementia. c they are two completely different diseases. d they are similar defects of the human brain.5. the last paragraph implies that the diagnostic testa will not be as promising as others.b is a very important development. c may not be proven valid smoothly. d will surely be disappointing in the end.答案与题解：1. c 第一段中谈到试验的最终目的在于 ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological disorder,所以只有 c 项符合题意。2. d根据文章第二段我们可以推断。 3. d与该题有关的内容在第三段和第四段，选项d与原文there is currently no known treatment for the disease 正好相反。4. a 第五段中谈至u了二者的关系，alzheimers results from physiological changes.，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes. ?.,也就是说，dementia 是 alzheimers 的表现之一。? 5. c最后一段发言人谈到这一试验的前途时较为含蓄，只说如能证明有效自然是一大发展， 但提醒人们以前的试验看上去也很有前途，结果却令人失望，据此，只有c项符合这一段的 蕴涵意义。译文：早老性痴呆研究的新进展科学家们发现，采用皮肤化验的方法可以判断病人是否患有早老性痴呆症，并且最终有助于医 生预测哪些人有患上这种神经功能紊乱性疾病的危险。要诊断一个病人是否患有这类疾病，目前唯一的方法是进行一系列长期而昂贵的测试，以排除 导致痴呆的其他病因。“自从艾洛伊斯阿尔茨海默记载了这一病症以后，近一百年来人们一直在努力寻找能够在早 期阶段就精确地诊断出这种疾病的方法，”马里兰州贝色斯达神经紊乱与中风国家研究院执行主任 patricia grady如是说。“这个发现如果得到证实，将会意味着我们在治疗和了解这种病症方面前进 了一大步。”早老性痴呆是导致老年人大脑功能退化的唯一的重要原因。仅在美国，就有约250万到400万 人患有这种疾病。这种毁灭性的疾病会逐渐破坏记忆和行动的能力，并最终导致死亡。目前仍然没 有办法治愈这种病症。研究者发现早老性痴呆症患者的皮肤细胞有缺损。这种缺损会影响人体对出入于细胞的钾的 流量的调控。科学家认为皮肤细胞有缺损这个事实表明，早老性痴呆是由人体全身的生理变化引起 的，并且大脑细胞受损带来的变化所产生的最为明显的后果就是痴呆。钾的流量对于与记忆密切相关的细胞至关重要。科学家还发现还有两种细胞的缺损会影响细 胞中钙的含量。钙也是一种关键的元素。研究者进行的皮肤测试中有一种要求在实验室环境中培养皮肤细胞，然后使用检电器进行测 试，检查输送钾的极微小管道是否畅通。如果畅通无阻，这些管道会放出一种特殊的电子信号。早老性痴呆研究协会的一名发言人说，这种诊断性测试如果得到证实，将是一个重要的进步，但 同时提醒人们其他有关早老性痴呆症的试验曾经也颇有吸引力，然而结果却令人失望。第四十八篇iq-gene in the angry debate over how much of iq comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences, one little fact gets overlooked1 ： no one has identified any genes ( other than2 those that cause retardation) that affect intelligence. so researchers led by robert plomin of londons institute of psychiatry decided to look for some. they figured that if you want to find a “ smart gene, ” you should look in smart kids. they therefore examined the dna of students like those who are so bright that they take college entrance exams four years early and still score at princeton-caliber levels3. the scientists found what they sought.4 “ we have，” says plomin，“ the first specific gene ever associated with general intelligence. ” plomins colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each, all 6 to 15 years old and living in six counties around cleveland. in one group, the average iq is 103. all the children are white. isolating the blood cells, the researchers then examined each childs chromosome 6. of the 37 landmarks on chromosome 6 that the researchers looked for, one jumped out5 ： a form of gene called igf2r occurred in twice as many children in the high-iq group as in the average group 32 percent versus 16 percent. the study, in the may issue of the journal psychological science, concludes that it is this form of the igf2r gene that contributes to intelligence.iq-gene some geneticists see major problems with the iq-gene study6. one is the possibility that plomins group fell for7 ” chopsticks fallacy. geneticists might think theyve found a gene for chopsticks flexibility, but all theyve really found is a gene more common in asians than, say, africans. similarly, plomins iq gene might simply be one that is more common in groups that emphasize academic achievement8. “ what is the gene that theyve found reflects ethnicity? asks geneticist andrew feinberg of johns hopkins university. “ that alone might explain the link to intelligence, since iq tests are known for being culturally sensitive and affected by a childs environment. ” and neil risch of standford university points out that if you look for 37 genes on a chromosome，as the researchers did，and find that one is more common in smarter kids，that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence9. warns feinberg： “i would take these findings with a whole box of salt10. ” 词汇：psychiatry /saikaistri/ n.精字申病学 chopsticks /tjdpstiks/ n. ( pi ) _子 figure /fig9(r)/.估计，想象 fallacy /faebsi/ n.谬误 caliber /kaelib9(r) / n.能力，才干，水准 ethnicity /egmsoti/ n.民族特性 geneticist /d3inetisist/ n.遗传学家 causal /koizql/ adj.原因的，因果关系的 注释：one little fact gets overlooked：有一个小事实被忽视了。这里get与过去分词一起相当于被动语态。other than：除了（以外） score at princeton-caliber levels：得分可列入像美国普林斯顿大学那样的重点大学的才子之列。the scientists found what they sought.科学家们发现了他们所要寻找的东西。 jump out：显得突出see major problems with the iq-gene study：发现了智商基因研究的主要问题fall for：受到的蒙蔽?groups that emphasize academic achievement：强调学术成就的群体. that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence. 那也许纯属偶然，而不反映基因与智力间的因果关系。 i would take these findings with a whole box of salt.我对实验的发现抱很大的怀疑。斜体部分 源自固定短语take sth. with a grain of salt，意为“抱有怀疑”。练习：1 in the beginning of paragraph one we are told that scientists can not agree a how much of iq comes from intelligence. b how many children inherit genes from parents. c how much of iq comes from genes. d how many children learn by experience.2. what does “some” in the second sentence of paragraph one stands for? a parents. b children.c experiences. d genes.3. a gene for chopsticks flexibility is found to be a unrelated to the ability to use chopsticks.b related to the ability to use chopsticks.c unrelated to the ability to use forks. d related to the ability to use forks.4. plomins iq-rgene study is similar to the chopsticks gene finding in that a there may not be a causal link between gene and intelligence.b there is a close correlation between gene and intelligence.c there may be a close relation between chopsticks flexibility and childrens academic score. d there is not a close relation between chopsticks flexibility and childrens academic score.5. what does feinberg mean by saying “i would take these findings with a whole box of salt ？ a he would consider them while eating his meals.b he definitely believes the findings. c he would consider them while shopping for salt. d he doubts the findings very much.答案与题解：1. c理解_一段的第一句话是关键，debate over后面跟了两个并列的how much从句,第一个 how much中谈到孩子从父母处继承的基因。只有c项符合题意。2. d 根据前一句提供的语境 no one has identified any genes that affect intelligence0 some 在这 里只能指genes。3. a第三段一开头就告诉我们关于使用筷子能力的发现是一个误区（fallacy)，接下来说 geneticists might think theyve found a gene for chopsticks flexibility, but all theyve really found is a gene more common in asians than, say, africans.所以选 a，而 c 项和 d 项文中均未提及。4. a此题的依据在最后一段，特别是similarly. ?. 句和neil risch的结论.that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence. c 和 d 纯属文中未提及的、与主题无关的内容。5. d with a whole box of salt意为“很怀疑”，源自固定短语with a grain of salt (抱怀疑态度）。 以a whole box (一整盒）替换a grain (一粒），加强了怀疑的程度。译文：智商基因当人们激烈争辩智商中有多少来自孩子从父母身上继承的基因，多少来自个人经历时，他们忽 视了一个小事实:没有人确定任何基因（除郝些造成大脑迟钝的之外）能影响智力。所以在伦敦精 神病所的robert plomin的带领下，研究者们决心找出一些这样的基因。他们相信如果要找“聪明基 因，就得在聪明的孩子身上找。他们检查了一些孩子的dna,这些孩子非常聪明，提前四年便参加 了大学入学考试，而且得分可列入像美国普林斯顿大学那样的重点大学的才子之列。科学家们找到 了他们想要的东西。plomin说:“我们已找到了某种确定的基因，它与才智有关。”plomin的同事们从两组孩子中抽取血样。每组51人，615岁不等，分别来自克利夫兰周围的 6个郡。第一组的平均智商为103，所有的孩子都是白人。研究者分离了他们的血液细胞，然后检测 了每个孩子的染色体6。在研究者们所寻找的染色体6的37个界标中，有一个非常突出：这是一种 叫igf2r的基因，在高智商的一组中它出现的几率是智商普通的一组的2倍，即32%比16%。此研 究被刊登在心理科学杂志的5月刊上。它总结说，正是igf2r基因造成了人的智力。一些遗传学家发现了智商基因研究的主要问题。一种是普鲁敏的一组研究对象可能陷入了 “筷子谬误”。遗传学家可能会以为他们已发现了决定使用筷子时灵活性的基因，但实际上他们所 发现的只是在亚洲人身上比在非洲人身上更普遍的基因。同样，plomin发现的智商基因只是在强调 学术成就的群体中更普遍。“他们所发现的反映民族特性的基因是什么？”约翰霍布金大学的遗 传学家ardrew feinberg问道。“这或许能解释与智力的联系，因为智商测验对文化信息很敏感，而 且受到儿童周围环境的影响。”斯坦福大学的neil risch指出，如果你像那些研究者那样，在一个染 色体上找出37个基因，而且发现其中一个在聪明的孩子身上更普遍，那也许纯属偶然，而不反映基 因与智力间的因果关系。warns feinberg说:“我对实验的发现有很大的怀疑。”第五十篇15 million americans suffer from social anxiety disordersocial anxiety disorder prevents some 15 million americans from leading normal social and romantic lives, a new survey finds. the disorder leaves many isolated, ashamed and often misdiagnosed. thirty-six percent of those with social anxiety disorder have symptoms for 10 years or more before seeking help, the anxiety disorders association of america reports. social anxiety disorder is when somebody has an intense, persistent and irrational fear of social or performance situations, jerilyn ross, the associations president and ceo, said during a teleconference wednesday. the condition causes people to avoid common, everyday situations and even other people for fear of being judged or criticized or humiliated or embarrassing themselves, ross said. social anxiety disorder can interfere with daily routines and job performance, ross noted. it also makes it very difficult for people to develop friends and romantic partnerships, she said. people with this disorder recognize their fear is excessive and irrational, ross noted. but they feel powerless to do anything about it, she said. social anxiety disorder can start in the early teens, dr. mark h. pollack, director of the center for anxiety and traumatic stress disorders and a professor of psychiatry at harvard medical school, said during the teleconference. this is a disorder that starts affecting people early on 1, pollack said. the typical age of onset is early adolescence, age 12 or 13, and many individuals report a history of anxiety dating back to2 earlier childhood. the disorder also has physical symptoms, including heart palpitations, feelings that their throat will close up3, sweating, blushing, faintness, trembling and stammering, ross said. among people with the disorder, 75 percent said the condition affected their ability to do normal activities. in addition, 69 percent said they didnt want people to think they were crazy, and 58 percent said they were embarrassed by their condition, ross said. however, when the condition is diagnosed and treated, many reported improvement in their lives. in fact, 59 percent who were receiving treatment said treatment had a positive effect on their ability to have a romantic relationship. in addition, 39 percent who had received treatment said knowing that treatment can be successful aided their decision to get help, ross noted. 词汇： teleconference n电话会议 onset 咒开始 traumatic adj.心灵创伤的 palpitation n心悸 注释： 1。early on：在初期：早年 2date back to：追溯到 3close up：堵塞；封闭 练习： 1. people with social anxiety disorder are known for their fear of _. a being left alone. b leading normal lives. c embarrassing other people. d facing social or performance situations. 2. what do people with social anxiety disorder think of their fear? a they think its beyond their control. b they think its beneficial. c they think its controllable. d they think its justified. 3. which is not true of people with social anxiety disorder? a theyre often isolated and ashamed. b they find it difficult to make friends. c they often fail to get timely treatment. d they tend to judge or criticize other people. 4. the symptoms of social anxiety disorder include all the following except _. a heart palpitations. b sore throat. c sweating. d blushing.5. it can be seen from the last paragraph that treatment of the disorder _. a has no positive effect at all. b is unavailable to most sufferers. c tends to be refused by the sufferers. d can lead to improvement in the sufferers lives. 答案与题解： 1d 短文的第三段明确说明，患有social anxiety disorder的人对social or performance situations具有强烈的、持久的、非理性的恐惧感。 2a短文的第六段说，患有social anxiety disorder的人意识到他们的恐惧是过分的和非理性的，然而却对此无能为力。 3d头三项在短文的第二段和第五段都有提及，只有第四项是错误的，他们不是常常评判或批评别人，而是害怕遭到别人的评判或批评。 4b第一、三、四项在短文的倒数第三段中都有提及，第二项是错误的，因为短文说的是“一种嗓子被堵塞的感觉”，而不是sore throat，即“嗓子痛”。 5d短文的最后一段表明，不少患者在经过治疗后都有好转。 第三十六篇dangerous sunshine to children two united nations1 agencies warned on tuesday that children are most at risk of developing skin cancers as a result of the long-term decline in the earths protective ozone layer. the agencies, the world health organization (who) and the un environmental programme (unep)2,issued the warning as they launched a global programme aimed at alerting schools to the dangers of exposure to the sun. as ozone depletion becomes more marked, and as people around the world engage more in sun-seeking behaviour, the risk of health complications from over-exposure to ultra-violet radiation is becoming a substantial public health concern, said who director-general3 lee jong-wook. by reducing the time children and adolescents are exposed to direct sunlight, he said： we can substantially reduce the risk of contracting skin cancers，cataracts and other conditions4 which might only appear much later in life. ” in its 2002 world health report, the who said around the world an average of 66,000 people died every year from melanoma or other types of skin cancer. independent scientific research shows that every year there are between two to three million new cases of non-malignant melanoma and around 130,000 malignant and normally fatal 一 new full-blown skin cancer cases. although most known skin cancers seemed to occur in the industrialized world, who radiation and environmental health specialist mike repacholi told a news conference5，there were many cases believed to be unreported in poorer countries. although people with darker skins were less susceptible to6 skin cancers, they were just as lik