2015职称英语考试 理工C 王霞版 押题与小抄 含30分.doc

t,t inventor of led- led的发明者【近义词】 when nick holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes or1 leds, are used in everything from dvds to alarm clocks to airports. dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.【反义词】on april 23, 2004, holonyak received the $500,000 lemelson-mit prize at a ceremony in washington. this marks the 10th year that the lemelson-mit program at the massachusetts institute of technology（mit）has given the award to prominent inventors.【词源解析】anytime you get an award, big or little2, its always a surprise, holonyak said.holonyak, 75, was a student of john bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. after graduate school3, holonyak worked at bell labs. he later went to general electric4, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches5.【相关短语】later, holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. but while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, be wanted to generate visible light. the leds he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.【派生词】holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the university of illinois, said he suspected that leds would become as commonplace as they are today. but didnt realize how many uses they would have.【近义词】you dont know in the beginning. you think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. you just dont know, he said.【词源解析】the lemelson-mit program also recognized edith flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 lemelson- mit lifetime achievement award for her work on a new generation of molecular sieves that can separate molecules by size.【近义词】1holonyaks colleagues thought he would fail in his research on leds at the time when he started it.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the lemelson-mit prize sooner or later.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4holonyak believed that leds would become very popular in the future.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6edith flanigen is the only co-inventor of leds.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7the lemelson-mit prize has a history of over 100 years.aright bwrong cnot mentioned【词源解析】当nick holonyak着手用半导体合金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发现的发光二极管，或叫led,使用范围覆盖从dvd到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他日用技术。2004年4月23日，holonyak在华盛顿的一次典礼上被授予lemelson-mit项目的50万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的lemelson-mit项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。【相关短语】“任何时候你得了奖，不论是大是小，总是一分惊喜。”holonyak说。holonyak，75岁，是20世纪50年代初期晶体管的发明者john bardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后，holonyak在bell实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在在家用减光开关中普遍使用。【词源解析】后来，holonyak开始研究何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要看得见的光。1962年他发明的led,现在的使用寿命可以比白炽灯泡长十倍，而且更环保、更经济。holonyak现在是伊利诺伊大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预料到led的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。【派生词】“开始的时候你并不知道，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你不能说出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。你并不知道。”他说。lemelson-mit项目同样授予75岁的edith flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的成就是创造新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。el nino-厄尔尼诺【近义词】while some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 el nino a few months in advance1, the columbia university researchers say their method can predict large el nino events up to two years in advance. that would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that el nino can produce in various parts of the world.【反义词】using a computer, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later el nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate el nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. the results were reported in the latest issue of the journal nature.【派生词】the researchers say their method is not perfect, but bryan cweare, a meteorologist at the university of california, davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 el nino is indeed predictable.”【相关短语】“this will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,” said weare. he added that the new method “makes it possible to predict el nino at long lead times3.” other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, weare said.【词源解析】the ability to predict the wanning and cooling of the pacific is of immense importance4. the 1997 el nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said david anderson, of the european centre for medium-range weather forecasts in reading, england. the 1877 el nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in india and china, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, anderson said.when el nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in china alone, according to a 2002 united nations report.【反义词】while predicting smaller el nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed.【词源解析】 el nino tends to develop between april and june and reaches its peak between december and february. the warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years.【相关短语】the new forecasting method does not predict any major el nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible.【派生词】1the method used by the columbia university researchers can predict el nino a few months in advance.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2the columbia university researchers studied the relationship between the past el nino occurrences and sea-surface temperatures.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3the columbia university researchers are the first to use sea-surface temperatures to match the past el nino occurrences.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4weares contribution in predicting el nino was highly praised by other meteorologists.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5according to a chinese report, the flooding in china caused by el nino in 1991 and 1997 affected 200 million chinese people.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6it takes about eight months for el nino to reach its peak.aright b wrong cnot mentioned7a special institute has been set up in america to study el nino.aright bwrong cnot mentioned【词源解析】当某些预报方法不能提前几个月成功预测1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。研究人员使用计算机把1980年和2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用之前的海面温度预测远至1857年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在最新的自然杂志上。【反义词】研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的气象学家bryan c. weare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管他自己并没有参加研究工作。weare说：“这会促使其他人去寻找更好的办法。”他还补充说，新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能”。其他方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远是因为缺少其他资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。【派生词】预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的david anderson说：以1997年的厄尔尼诺为例，它导致了全球范围内约200亿美元的损失，抵消了在其他一些地区的良性影响；1877年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生，导致了印度和中国约4 000万人丧生，结果刺激了季节性预报的发展。【近义词】根据2002年的联合国报道，1991年和1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有2亿人受到洪水的侵害。然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认可的话，对大型厄尔尼诺现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。厄尔尼诺总是在4月和6月期间形成，在12月和翌年2月之间达到髙峰。气候总是在9月和12月之间变暧，并且每2 7年出现一次。尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。engineering ethics-工程道德【近义词】 engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. at texas a&m university, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the national science foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. a small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at texas asm, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.【派生词】the increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the challenger disaster, the kansas city hyatt-regency hotel walkways collapse, and the exxon oil spill. as a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. this discipline will doubtless4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.【相关短语】the problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. they are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.【反义词】1engineering ethics is a compulsory subject in every institute of science and technology in the uniled states.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2the number of students wishing to take the course of engineering ethics is declining at texas a&sm university.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3the national science foundation involves itself directly in writing up material about ethical issues.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4it seems that medical ethics and business ethics are more mature than engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5several engineering professors have quit from teaching to protest against the creation of a new course in engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6many engineering professors may not have time to prepare material for class discussion on professional ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7it is likely that following this introductory passage, the author will provide the necessary material related to the topic of engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned【词源解析】工程道德在全美的工程类院校里越来越受到关注。在得克萨斯州的大学，随着工程道德这门新课的开设以及由全美科学基金会提供基金、旨在为大学工程类必修课程提供道德问题方面的材料的项目的启动，人们对职业道德的关注达到了顶峰。一个由教师和管理人员组成的小组对得克萨斯州a大学的不懈努力予以了积极的支持，但是由于越来越多的学生希望能够更加了解作为职业工程人员自己的行为的价值含义，为了满足这些需求，目前该小组必须发展壮大。【相关短语】人们之所以对工程价值尺度愈发关注，至少部分原因是由于媒体对挑战者号灾难、堪萨斯城hyatt-regency旅馆通道的坍塌以及exxon石油泄漏等事件的关注所引起的。为了响应人们的关注，一个新的学科工程道德应运而生。同医学道德、商业道德和法律道德这些已经确立的学i科一样，该学科无疑也将确立起自己的地位。【近义词】开发这一新学科所面临的问题是，大部分工程教授不愿意将工程道德方面的资料引进课堂。他们满足于使用以数字表达的概念，不相信自己有资格就工程道德问题在课堂上展开讨论。许多工程类教授认为课程安排紧张，没有时间在课堂上就职业道德问题进行讨论，或者觉得自己没有时间去准备必要的材料。希望这里提供的资料会有所帮助。二、soot and sow：a hot combination-煤灰与白雪：“火热的组合【相关短语】1new research from nasa scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. according to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.【反义词】2soot in the higher latitudes of the earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the suns energy and warmth than an icy, white background. dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.【近义词】3soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. “this provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier, said dr. james hansen, a researcher at nasas goddard institute for space studies, new york.【相关短语】4hansen found soots effect on snow albedo(solar energy reflected back to space)，which1 may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the northern hemisphere, such as thinning arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost. soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.【构词联想】5“black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon2，” hansen said. soots increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “this forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global wanning as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude, hansen noted.【派生词】6hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.3 such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest4 of this century.【反义词】7the researchers found that observed warming in the northern hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. these observations were consistent with the researchers climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover5 and sufficient sunlight.【相关短语】1.paragraph 3 _c_2.paragraph 4 _a_3.paragraph 6 _f_4.paragraph 7 _b_asoots role in changes in the climate and the atmospherebobservations of warming in the northern hemispherecexplanation of increased warming effect caused by sootdeffort to reduce snow albedoeways to reduce soot emissionfgreenhouse gases as the main factor of global warming【构词联想】5.in the twentieth century, soot _b_.6.hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases _e_.7.black soot covered snow and ice _d_.8.a soot forcing is unusually effective, which _a_.aproduces much more global wanning than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitudebcontinued to 25 percent of observed global warmingccan produce greenhouse gasesdabsorb more of suns energy and warmth than white backgroundestill surpass soot in warming the worlds climate during the last centryfcan be seen mostly in the northern hemisphere【词源解析】美国国家航空航天局的科学家的一项新调查显示，黑色煤烟的排放改变了冰雪对阳光的反射。依据电脑模拟，上世纪观测到的的全球变暖有25%是黑煤灰引起的。【近义词】地球高纬地区冰雪覆盖，那里的煤灰比白色的冰面吸收了更多的太阳热能。因为深黑色的炭或煤灰吸收太阳光，而浅色的冰面则反射阳光。【反义词】冰雪地区的煤灰对气候变化可能起着至关重要的作用。而且一旦覆盖大地的冰雪开始融化，煤灰就会更加固着于冰面，从而加剧温室效应。“冰山、冰块一融化，就会变得更脏，”james hansen博士，一位来自纽约美国国家航空和航天局的goddard太空研究所的研究人员如此说。【构词联想】hansen发现，煤灰对冰雪反射率的影响，可能正是促使北半球春季提早的原因，引起北冰洋冰层变薄，冰山及冻土雪原融化。据信煤灰对海和陆地上空大气层的变化也有一定影响。【派生词】“黑炭减少了冰雪反射回太空的能量，比没有炭灰的条件下更强烈地加热冰面。”hansen说。煤灰对太阳热能的大量吸收是全球气候变暖的重要因素。hansen指出，“这种温室作用特别显著，是同量二氧化碳强度的两倍。”【反义词】hansen又提醒说，尽管煤灰对全球气候变化的作用重大，但这并不能改变一个事实：温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因，而且它们还将是塑造本世纪气候的主力。【派生词】研究人员发现北半球观测到的变暖现象大多发生在中高纬地区的冬春两季。这样的观测结果与气象模拟实验相吻合，表明部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和阳光强烈的时期。三、icy microbes-冰冻微生物【构词联想】1in ice that has sealed a salty antarctic lake for more than 2,800 years, scientists have found frozen bacteria and algae that returned to life after thawing. the research may help in the search for life on mars, which is thought to have subsurface lakes of ice.【派生词】2a research team led by peter doran of the university of illinois at chicago drilled through more than 39 feet of ice to collect samples of bacteria and algae. when dorans team brought them back and warmed them up a bit, they sprang back to life.【相关短语】3doran said the microbes have been age-dated at 2,800 years old, but even older microbes may live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice.1 that deeper ice and the water itself will be cautiously sampled in a later expedition that will test techniques that may one day be used on mars.【反义词】4called lake vida, the 4.5-square-kilometer body is one of a series of lakes located in the mcmurdo dry valleys of antarctica, some 2 ,200 kilometers due south2 of new zealand. this lake has been known since the 1950s, but people ignored it because they thought it was just a big block of ice. while at the site for other research in the 1990s, doran and his colleagues sent3 radar signals into the clear ice covering the lake and were surprised to find that 62 feet below there was a pool of liquid water that was about seven times more salty than seawater.【近义词】5that prompted the researchers to return in 1996 with equipment to drill a hole down to within a few feet of the water layer. at the bottom of this hole, researchers harvested specimens of algae and bacteria.【词源解析】6the researchers will return in 2004 equipped with instruments that are sterilized. they will then drill through the full 62 feet of ice and sample some of the briny water from the lake for analysis. the water specimen will be cultured to see if it contains life. specimens from the water are expected to be even older than the life forms extracted from the ice covering.1.paragraph 2 _e_2.paragraph 3 _a_3.paragraph 4_f_4.paragraph 6_d_asignificance of testing techniques for sampling microbes in the deep ice sheetbspecial features of lake vidaclater expedition on marsd2004 revisit planned for collecting lake water specimenseantarctic frozen life sampled and revivedfaccidental disovery of ice-sealed lake water in antarctica【派生词】5.scientists ignored lake vida because they thought that a lake of ice _b_.6.scientists expect that the life, if found in deeper water below the ice sheet, _c_.7.what the scientists will do in 20q4 _e_.8.the salt concentration in the liquid water of lake vi