_ a primer for prevention矽肺预防底漆课件

Silicosis - A Primer for Workplace Prevention The History of Silicosis nReports of workers dying of silicosis - a disabling, non -reversible and sometimes fatal lung disease caused by inhaling dust containing silica - date back to ancient Greece. nDuring the Industrial Revolution of the late 1800s and early 1900s, as farmers and immigrants took jobs in dusty foundries, mills and mines, exposures to silica significantly increased and consequently so did the diseases prevalence. The History of Silicosis nStudies in the 1910s showed high rates of silicosis among the lead and zinc miners of Oklahoma, Kansas and Missouri where rocks and ores have been known to consist of more than 95% of silica. One study in 1915 showed that more than half of the 700 zinc miners sampled had silicosis. The History of Silicosis nDuring the 1930s outrage over silicosis heightened with the advent of the Hawks Nest incident, which has been called “Americas worst industrial disaster”. During a hydroelectric project through a West Virginia mountain, workers who were not provided any respiratory protection were exposed to very high contents of silica. Although it was current knowledge that the exposure to dust containing silica was known to be potentially fatal, sponsors of the project did nothing. Estimates of the number of deaths associated with this exposure range from 66 to a researchers study count of more than 700. The History of Silicosis nSoon after the Hawks Nest incident, then Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins declared war on silicosis after a national conferences in 1936 and 1940 a film entitled “Stop Silicosis” was issued to help elevate the national agenda and promote the need to prevent silicosis. The History of Silicosis nAlmost 30 years later in response to the growing concern regarding workers safety, several new federal laws were passed in the late 1960s and early 1970s adopting rules that limited the exposure to silica dust. nSince that time deaths due to the exposure of silicosis have declined, however, the disease still claims more than 250 American workers and disabling countless others. National Initiative to Prevent Silicosis n1997 National Conference to Eliminate Silicosis - March 25th in fact, a chest X-ray may not reveal an abnormality until after 15 or 20 years of exposure. The bodys ability to fight infections may be overwhelmed by silica dust in the lungs, making workers more susceptible to certain illnesses, such as tuberculosis. As silicosis progresses, you may exhibit one or more of the following symptoms: shortness of breath following physical exertion severe cough fatigue loss of appetite chest pains fever What Can Employers Do to Prevent Silicosis? nMake a commitment to prevent silicosis at your worksites. nComply with OSHA and MSHA regulations on respirable crystalline silica. If your employees are overexposed, reduce exposure levels through the use of engineering controls. While these controls are being installed, or if they are being repaired, provide appropriate respiratory protection. nPerform air monitoring of worksites as needed, and when required by law, and take corrective action when silica levels are excessive. Monitoring provides a basis for: selecting and ensuring the effectiveness of engineering controls selecting proper respiratory protection seeing if work practices to reduce dust levels are effective determining if a medical surveillance program is necessary What Can Employers Do to Prevent Silicosis? nInstall and maintain engineering controls to eliminate or reduce the amount of silica in the air and the build-up of dust on equipment and surfaces. Examples of controls include: exhaust ventilation and dust collection systems, water sprays, wet drilling, enclosed cabs, and drill platform skirts. Practice preventive maintenance because the extreme abrasiveness of the silica dust can damage the systems you install. nSubstitute less hazardous materials than crystalline silica for abrasive blasting, when possible. Try to use automatic blast cleaning machines or cabinets that allow operating the machines from outside using gloved armholes. What Can Employers Do to Prevent Silicosis? nSupply vacuums with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, and advise employees to vacuum, hose down, or wet sweep work areas, instead of dry sweeping nTrain workers about health effects, engineering controls and work practices that reduce dust, the importance of maintenance and good housekeeping, as well as on the proper type and fitting of respirators. Make sure they know what operations and materials present a silica hazard. nEstablish a written respiratory protection program. Outfit employees with appropriately selected, properly fitted, approved respirators when engineering controls alone are insufficient to keep exposures within safe levels. Be sure respirators are kept clean and properly maintained and that employees are trained in their use. What Employers Can Do. nProvide medical examinations for employees who may be exposed to respirable crystalline silica, as recommended by NIOSH, and have X-rays read by a specialist in just diseases. Develop a plan for reducing exposures of employees whose X- rays show changes consistent with silicosis. nReport all cases of silicosis to state health departments and to MSHA, and record cases on OSHA logs, as required. nPost warning signs to identify work areas where respirable silica is present. What OSHA and MSHA Regulations Apply? nOSHA enforces a permissible exposure limit, which is the maximum amount of airborne crystalline silica that an employee may be exposed to during an eight-hour work shift That amount is 10 mg/m(3) MSHA enforces its own exposure limits, has rules requiring controls for drills, and requires air sampling in certain situations. nOther relevant OSHA and MSHA regulations include: respiratory protection, posting of warning signs, housekeeping, recordkeeping or reporting of occupational illnesses, abrasive blasting, personal protective equipment, and training. OSHA has rules on hazard communication, safety and health programs in construction, and access to employee exposure and medical records. What Can Workers Do to Prevent Silicosis? nWork with your employer to prevent silicosis at your worksite. nUse engineering controls installed by your employer to reduce silica dust levels, and make sure they are properly maintained. Tell your employer when they arent working properly. nMinimize dust by following good work practices, such as removing dust with a water hose or vacuum with a high-efficiency particulate filter rather than blowing it clean with compressed air, or by wet sweeping instead of dry sweeping. nSuggest to your employer to substitute less hazardous materials than crystalline silica for abrasive blasting. nWear, maintain, and correctly use approved particulate respirators when engineering controls alone are not adequate to reduce exposures below permissible levels. Beards and mustaches interfere with the respirator seal to the face, making most respirators ineffective. nIf you must sandblast, use type CE positive pressure abrasive blasting respirators. What Can Workers Do to Prevent Silicosis? nParticipate in air monitoring, medical surveillance, and training programs offered by your employer or when required by law. nTalk to your employer, employee representative, or union if you are concerned about the dust in your workplace. Ask for the results of air sampling done at your worksite. You may also contact the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). nAs a reminder, whenever you work with toxic materials, it is always a sound practice to: Change into disposable or washable work clothes at your worksite, if possible; shower, where available; and change into clean clothing before leaving your worksite. Avoid eating, drinking, or using tobacco products in work areas where there is dust or other toxic materials. Wash your hands and face before eating or drinking. Mine Safety and Health Administration nMSHA prioritizes health risks in metal and nonmetal mines and allocates Agency resources according to ranking criteria described in the attached excerpt from its Program Policy Manual (“Sampling Policy for Airborne Contaminants and Nose”, Volume IV, pp 3-7). These criteria specify how often the Agency should sample mines based on their health hazards. The more serious the hazard, the more often a mine is sampled. The least hazardous mines are sampled only once every 5 years unless a more serious problem is identified through an inspection or employee complaint. nWhen the Agency Ranks a mine, it considers the history of overexposure, the type of process, and the commodity. Ground silica and industrial sand operations are always ranked “A” requiring annual sampling. Among other mines with “A” ranking are those with lead, asbestos, mercury, or cadmium as products or by-products. Sampling Policy for Airborne Contaminants and Noise nAt least annually, enforcement personnel in each Metal and Nonmetal office shall review a printout of the Personal Exposure Data Summary (PEDS) listing samples taken at the mines in their jurisdiction over the past 5 years. Based on this review and all other relevant information, each mine shall be ranked and sampled according to the criteria and frequencies indicated (in Paragraph B). This policy applies equally to all mines, full- time, seasonal, and intermittent. nIn general, personal full-shift exposure samples shall be taken. nMiners shall be sampled for every contaminant to which they are likely to be significantly exposed. “Significant” exposure is one-half the permissible exposure limit (PEL). Citations are issued for exposures in excess of 1.2 times the PEL. Sampling Requirements nSamples for the appropriate metallic elements (dust or fume) are required where metal ores are mined and/or processed. This includes by products, regardless of whether they are recovered. nSamples for other minerals that have exposure limits of their own (cristobalite, mica, talc, etc.) are required where such minerals are mined and/or milled. nWhere process chemicals are used, gases and vapors associated with the chemical(s) must also be sampled. Samples for particulates, toxic gases, and vapors are required wherever miners are likely to experience significant exposure. Minimum Sampling Requirements nThe number of employees does not include office workers or workers who “come and go” from the property; it does include laborers, maintenance workers, technical and managerial personnel, etc., whose tasks are performed throughout the facility. nA rank shall be assigned to each mine for respirable crystalline silica and for noise. Ranking for other contaminants is required when there is an exposure limit for the mined ore or mineral, its byproducts or primary process reagents, or whenever the contaminant meets a criterion in Rank A or B. Workplace Silicosis Prevention Program nManagement Commitment nExposure Monitoring nMedical Surveillance nAnalysis and Evaluation of Data nAwareness Training Risk Assessment nWhere are the Potentials for Silica Exposure? nWhat Part of the Operation has the Highest Potential for Exposure? nHow and Why are Employees Exposed to Silica? nWhat Engineering Controls are In Place? nWhat Does OSHA or MSHA Data Regarding Exposure Indicate? nWhat is the Typical Length of Service of Employees who have the Highest Potential to be Exposed to Silica? Determine if. nIf there is a Real Risk of Silicosis in your Company nWhere the Highest Potential for Silica Exposure is Located nHow many Employees need to be in this Program? nThe Effectiveness of Current