后置定语的译法yjppt课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式 单击此处编辑母版副标题样式 * * 1 1 第五章 定语从句的译法 定语： 限定、修饰名词或代词的词、短语 或从句。 He likes to drink cold milk. There is something wrong with the motor. 前置定语: 短而简单 后置定语 ：长而复杂 后置定语 -位于名词或代词之后的定语 科技英语：准确性+严密性 -频繁使用后置定语 作定语的情况 1、介词短语 2、形容词(或其短语) 3、非限定词（不定时、现在分词、过去分词） 4、定语从句 5、同位语从句 1、介词短语作后置定语 翻译成“的” In general，ethers are good solvents for fats，waxes and resins 醚通常是脂肪、蜡、树脂的良好溶剂。 The gas from flask is washed with water to remove ammonia. 烧瓶里出来的气体用/被水洗涤可除去氨。 All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties intermediate between those of a single and a double bond 苯中所有的碳-碳键都相似，具有介于单键 和双键之间的性质。 Hydrocarbons that do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are called unsaturated hydrocarbons 不含有最大可能氢原子数的烃叫不饱和烃。 3. 不定时、现在分词、过去分词 要从时态、语态两方面辨析 从时态上： 现在分词-动作正在发生 过去分词-动作已经完成 从语态上： 现在分词表示的动作具有主动意义 及物动词的过去分词表示被动意义； 不及物动词的过去分词不具有被动含义， 仅表示动作已经完成 substitute substituted group l若substitute为及物动词，则译为“被取代的基团” l若substitute为不及物动词，则译为“取代了的 基团”，即“取代基”（表示动作已经完成） -根据上下文决定 Man was not the first living thing to communicate through the use of sound. 不定式短语做后置定语，修饰living thing 人并不是第一个用声音进行交流的生物。 The air is a material containing many kinds of gases. 空气是含有许多气体的一种物质 (现在分词短语作后置定语) The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom 酮的官能团是由一个通过双键与氧原子相连 的碳原子组成的。 (过去分词短语作后置定语) 4. 定语从句作后置定语 包括 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 由： 关系代词 (that,which,who,whom,whose,but,as) 关系副词(where,when,why,as等)引导 限制性定语从句 l和所修饰的名词或代词(称为先行词)之间的关系 十分密切，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的修饰说 明语 l限制性定语从句的主句的含意是不完整的，要靠 定语从句补充说明，全句概念才能表达清楚 l从句与主句之间没有逗号 非限制性定语从句特征 l和先行词之间的关系不很密切，不起限制作用， 只加以补充说明 l缺少了非限制性定语从旬，主句的意思仍然完整 明确 l定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开 主要采取分译法，作为并列分句进行翻译 定语从句作后置定语译法 1.翻译成定语 -限制性 2.译成表示同等关系的并列分句 3.译成表示转折的并列分句 4.译成状语从句并列分句 5.由“as”引导的定语从句 限、限、 非限非限 (1) 译成含“的”字定语-限定从 合译法： l“的字结构放在被修饰词之前 l把定语从句和主句合译成汉语的单句 -适合于翻译结构不很长的 (最简单、常见的译法) Space and oceans are the new world that scientists are trying to explore 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。 Of all the forms of energy that we use， electrical energy is the most convenient 我们使用的各种能量中，电能最方便。 Compounds have very different appearances from the element of which they are made. 化合物的形态与构成它们的元素极不相同 。 When fuels burn，they return once more to the simpler materials out of which they were made 燃料燃烧时，又转变成原来构成它们的那些 更加简单的物质。 限制性定语从句省略了关系词，翻译时也同 样采用合译法译成定语。如： The rate at which the molecules move depends upon the energy they have 分子运动的速率取决于分子所具有的能量 。(省略了关系代词which或 that) which that (2)译成表示同等关系的并列分句 定语从句起着对先行词进一步说明的作用 ，往往译成并列分句，可加译“这”、该” 、“其、它、这”等词 An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions 酸是这样一种化合物， 其溶液能产生氢离子。 One of the homolog of benzene is toluene which is the raw material for the manufacture of the explosive 苯的一个同系物是甲苯，它是制造炸药的原料。 homo- 同，相同 Between these two tiny particles，the proton and the electron，there is a powerful attraction that always present between negative and positive electric charges 在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大 的吸引力，而这个吸引力总是存在于正、 负电荷之间。 The elements themselves were changing ，which was something that had always been thought impossible by all but the old alchemists. 这些元素本身也在变化， 这是除了古代的 炼金术士以外，人们认为不可能的事情。 ancient, antiquated (3) 译成表示转折的并列分句 当定语从句在意思上与主句相对照或语气 转折时，可译成转折句。 加译“而、但、却、可、是” 根据上下文逻辑 Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms that are composed of nuclear and electron. 物质是由分子组成的，而分子又是由原子 组成，（而）原子又是由原子核和电子组 成的。 Mild oxidation of a alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid. 醇的轻度氧化生成醛，而醛能进一步氧化生 成有机酸。 Zinc can react with dilute hydrochloric acid，with which copper cannot 锌能跟盐酸反应，但铜却不能。 (加上转折词但) (4) 译成状语从句 在意义上相当于表示原因、结果、目的、条件、 让步等的状语从句时 可加译“因为、虽然、只要、因而”等词 The problem，which is very complicated，has been solved 这个问题虽然很复杂，但已经解决了 。 (表让步) For any substance whose formula is known，a mass corresponding to the formula can be computed 对分子式已知的任何物质，与分子式相对应 的质量就能被计算出。 不管什么物质，只要知道其分子式，就能求 出与分子式相应的质量。 (表条件) The considerable success of these studies has brought a theoretical unity to the whole field of organic chemistry which has the effect of making its principles easier to teach and to learn 这些研究的重大成就给有机化学的整个领域 带来了理论上的统一，从而使有机化学原 理的教和学变得较为容易。 (表结果) (5)以as引导的限制性定语从句 值得注意 l关系代词as经常与such，the sameas as many, as much等配合，在从句中作主 语、表语、宾语等 译法较固定 Without rubber there would be no automobiles such as we have today 如果没有橡胶，就不会有像我们今天这样 的汽车。 由“as“引导的非限制性定语从句 相当于表示说话人态度和看法的插入语， 一般译成状语从句： “正如”“正如那样” As has been pointed out above，solids do not expand as much as gases and liquids 正如上面所指出的，固体的膨胀没有气体和 液体的那么大 As we know，the molecules of gas move freely in all directions 众所周知，气体分子向四面八方自由运动。 As can be seen from the picture As shown above -看图写作常用语 5.同位语从句: 作后置定语 同位语从句： l说明前面的某个词（本位语） l主要由that，也用 whether / if （是否 ）引导， 但没有词义，不作成份，只起连接作用 本位语一般有： fact, idea, theory, problem, doubt, truth, question, evidence等 同位语从句作后置定语 Have you any idea how fast sound travels? 你知道声音传播的有多快？ have no idea of do not know 分译 It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere. 不言而喻，氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。 合译 He made the assumption that the electronic charges is numerically equal to the charge on a hydrogen. 他假定电子的电荷数与一个氢离子的电荷数相等。 作 业 1.Copernicus, whose theory was not made public until after his death, believed that the sun was the center of the solar system. 2.This explains the rule that like dissolves like. 3.They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased 4. There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized 例子1 I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格拉底）way about moral problems. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格 拉底）way about moral problems. 结构：who定从较长，宜后置翻译；倒装 词汇： define as：把 定义为 Him：知识分子（上下文） Individual： 单独的, 个人的 - 个体 Elect：选举，推选 - 选择 Primary：第一位的, 主要的 ；小学 I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格 拉底）way about moral problems. 1、我把他定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考 道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。 2、我把他定义为这样的个体，他把用苏格拉底的方式思 考道德问题作为自己生命中的主要责任与乐趣。 例子2 His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 句子结构：典型定从组合 词汇： His：知识分子的（根据上下文） Analogous：相似的- similar Obligation：义务, 职责, 债务 - accept承担 Manner：礼貌 -风格, 方式, 样式, 习惯 in an obvious manner(明显的方式) as obvious as possible（尽可能明显） as obvious as possible: 搭配 Course：过程, 经过 课程 Reasoning：推理 led him to ：导致, 通向 做出决定 His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 知识分子的作用与法官作用类似，后者必须承担用 尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过 程的责任 修改：知识分子的作用类似于法官的作用，后者必 须承担起这样的责任：用尽可能明显的方式来揭 示让他做出决定的推理过程。 例子3 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scie