高考英语二轮复习专题03阅读理解ⅰ讲含解析

我带领班子成员及全体职工，积极参加县委、政府和农牧局组织的政治理论学习，同时认真学习业务知识，全面提高了自身素质，增强职工工作积极性，杜绝了纪律松散专题3 阅读理解：主旨大意题【构建知识体系】主旨大意题考点1精确归纳标题考点2概括文章大意考点3总结段落大意2015-2017年全国高考卷本专题考查分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜测2015第一节关于伦敦运河博物馆每月专题讲座安排的海报应用文0951作者离开寒冷的纽约去美国南部度假的感受记叙文介绍了在巴黎皮蓬杜艺术中心举办西班牙著名艺术家萨尔瓦多达利艺术展的情况记叙文法国咖啡馆在现代社会中彰显心理沟通的社会功能，产生了积极的意义。议论文第二节重建人际关系中的信任的意义与措施说明文信息匹配2016第一节主要介绍了四位著名的女性的基本情况。说明文1941主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势，同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。说明文文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。记叙文主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含义。说明文第二节主要介绍了密码的设置方法和破解方法。说明文信息匹配2017第一节文章主要从购物点、就餐点、租借服务三方面介绍了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center为人们做的贡献，呼吁人们的支持。应用文1752救助一只小猫头鹰，给它做新的窝，帮助它回到父母身边的故事。记叙文文章讲述了为提高人们对于爵士乐的重视程度，联合国教科文组织 把4月30号定为了国际爵士乐日。然而这一行为还是没能挽救爵士乐。Jason Moran认为时代在进步，为了将老一代人和年轻一代人联接起来，爵士乐应该也随之进步。说明文文章主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。科普说明文第二节文章讲述了三年前，作者对露营一无所知，也不认为自己会喜欢露营。然而后来有过几次露营的经历，作者和他的家人开始爱上了露营，甚至为露营购买了设备齐全的房车。作者认为露营是回归大自然的一个方式，也建议读者找到适合自己的回归自然的方式。记叙文信息匹配2015-2017年全国高考卷本专题考查分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜测2015A我的彩电给我带来的头疼事：花的钱比广告上的多，而且机子是过时的，质量也有问题，最后只能花钱修。记叙文1581B减肥除了少吃之外，还和房间有关系：房子要明亮；勇冷色系会减少食欲；放一些舒缓的音乐就餐；用校的碗碟科普说明文C越来越多即将上大学的学生选择“间隔年”。有人认为是好事，因为经过一年的锻炼，学生将会变得更加成熟、更有责任感。但也有人指出这种做法存在弊端，有些学生会因为负担不起大学学费而被迫利用这一年去打工。社会现象议论类D从价格到参观的内容介绍了四个英国的旅游胜地。广告应用类比2016A主要介绍了几个广告的具体内容，涉及音乐、喜剧表演和歌曲等活动的具体安排，如时间、地点等。应用文1932B主要讲述了作者在上课的时候通过让学生们拼装玩具，从而发现并鼓励学生们的创造性思维的故事。记叙文C主要介绍了网站BookC建立的目的以及它是如何促进人们分享图书的。说明文D主要介绍了Frank用图片使一次失败的南极航海活动重新进入人们的视野，让人们能够了解这次航海的许多信息。记叙文2017A介绍了4则有关戏剧的广告。分别介绍了四个用不同语言演绎莎士比亚戏剧的文化盛事。应用文2562B作者用深情追忆了自己和Paul Newman因为志趣相投、信念相守的深厚的友情。记叙文C本文比较详尽地介绍了新型交通工具陆空两用汽车的独特性能和前景。说明文D文章通过两位科学家的研究发现，植被也有奇特的自我保护和协作抗击害虫的方式。科普说明文2016-2017年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜测2016A本文通过广告的形式介绍了几家举行音乐演出的剧场的信息。应用文11022B文章通过作家Welty一次与朋友在外面吃饭的经历，讲述了小说中的人物大多都是来自现实生活。记叙文C介绍了苹果节的一些情况。说明文D讨论了新闻传播的规则，以及读者喜欢分享什么样的文章。议论文2017A介绍了旧金山消防车旅游的四个旅游项目：旧金山酒庄之旅，五十年代怀旧之旅，万圣节幽灵之旅和假日花灯展之旅。应用文2931BThe Plaza Theater，一座带着一座城市记忆的剧院，由于种种原因，要面临关门歇业。临关门前，老板选了一部合适的老电影播放。伤心的观众眼含不舍的泪水。记叙文C生物链中任何一个环节出了问题都会对生态造成灾难性的破坏。黄石公园由于人类活动导致灰狼几近消失，幸亏当地政府采取措施引进灰狼，亡羊补牢，逐渐恢复了生态平衡。科普说明文D主要介绍了为老年人研制的一款电动汽车。说明文【考纲解读】考试大纲要求考纲解读要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。【剖析全国高考真题】预测高考命题方向2017全国卷 CSome of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.“Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. Its actually color, and its actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, its the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”31Which of the following can be the best title for the text?AExploring the Future of Jazz.BThe Rise and Fall of Jazz.CThe Story of a Jazz Musician.DCelebrating the Jazz Day.【2017课标全国I卷】2017全国卷 CTerrafugia Inc .said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transition has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But dont expect it to show up in too many driveways. Its expected to cost $279,000.And it wont help if youre stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway. Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administrations decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransition,arequirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition.31. What is the best title for the text?A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transitions Fist FlightC.PilotsDream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality31.主旨大意题。浏览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架以及多年以前人们对飞车的设想至今成为现实展开论述。根据“Terrafugia Inc .said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight”飞车试飞成功，“But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality”Mann认为Terrafugia研制出的飞车比任何人都更接近现实。故选D。2017全国卷 CAfter years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations major food sources (来源) for the wolf grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park s red foxes, and completely drove away the park s beavers.As early as 1966,biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red fores have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.28.What is the text mainly about?A. Wildlife research in the United States.B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.28. D主旨大意题。文章开门见山提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。DThe Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life. These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.” “But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. “For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that. “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”35. What is the best title for the text?A.A new Model Electric CarB.A Solution to Traffic ProblemC. Driving Service for eldersD. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2018年全国高考试题还会卷在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材与体裁广泛，彰显文化特色，重点考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。细节理解题占总量的60%左右，难度与上年持平，预计难度系数0.7。卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题1题左右。【精讲研法】课堂讲解突破核心考点考点一 精确归纳标题【例1】【河北省五个一联盟2018届高三上学期第二次模拟】BTwo of the saddest words in the English language are “if only”. I live my life with the goal of never having to say those words, because they convey regret, lost opportunities, mistakes, and disappointment.My father is famous in our family for saying, “Take the extra minute to do it right.” I always try to live by the “extra minute” rule. When my children were young and likely to cause accidents, I always thought about what I could do to avoid an “if only” moment, whether it was something minor like moving a cup full of hot coffee away from the edge of a counter, or something that required a little more work such as taping padding(衬垫) onto the sharp corners of a glass coffee table.I dont only avoid those “if only” moments when it comes to safety. Its equally important to avoid “if only” in our personal relationships. We all know people who lost a loved one and regretted that they had forgone an opportunity to say “I love you” or “I forgive you”. When my father announced he was going to the eye doctor across from my office on Good Friday, I told him that it was a holiday for my company and I wouldnt be here. But then I thought about the fact that hes 84 years old and I realized that I shouldnt miss an opportunity to see him. I called him and told him I had decided to go to work on my day off after all.I know there will still be occasions when I have to say if only about something, but my life is definitely better because of my policy of doing everything possible to avoid that eventuality. And even though it takes an extra minute to do something right, or it occasionally takes an hour or two in my busy schedule to make a personal connection, I know that I, m doing the right thing. tm buying myself peace of mind and thats the best kind of insurance for my emotional well-being.7. What is the best title for the passage?A. Advice from My FatherB. Avoidance of Saying “If Only”C. The “Extra Minute” RuleD. The Importance of Emotional Well-being【答案】 7. B规律方法1： 如何精确归纳标题？1、利用主题段来概括标题主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语文章的标题。2、利用主题句来概括标题解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)； (2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。【变式精练】【广东省五校2018届高三12月联考】CMany people wrongly think that cities dont have farms and that fruits and vegetables are only grown in the country. Believe it or not, there are more and more urban farms popping up in cities all over the world.Alexandra Sullivan, a food system researcher in New York City, studies urban agriculture. Urban agriculture is another name for farming and gardening in a city environment. Ms. Sullivan studies everything from tiny gardens in empty lots between buildings to bigger fields that have been planted and grown. According to Ms. Sullivan, “Urban agriculture has existed since cities have, across the world.”The number of humans living in urban areas, or cities, is increasing. The amount of people who want to garden in urban areas is also rising. Ms. Sullivan says, “In small gardens, on rooftops and indoors, they grow fruits, vegetables, grains, and herbs, and raise animals to produce milk, eggs, honey, and meat. They use these foods as supplements to food produced by rural agriculture.”Even though some people who live in urban areas grow crops, urban residents still need to rely on food grown in rural areas. This is because a city doesnt have enough space to grow enough food for everyone living in it.In New York City, urban farmers have come up with many different ways to grow their own produce, even though there isnt a lot of room. For example, Brooklyn Grange is a farming operation that has two rooftop vegetable farms in New York City. All together, the farms are made up of 2.5 acres of rooftop space. This makes Brooklyn Grange one of the largest rooftop farming operations in the world.Brooklyn Grange grows all kinds of things. The farming company sells its vegetables to local residents and restaurants. And because the farms are on rooftops, they are specially adapted to their urban location. They use available space that is not needed for anything else. As more urban farmers find ways to grow food in cities, urban residents will be better able to get fresher materials for their meals.11. What may be the best title for the text?A. Farms in Cities B. Future Food SystemC. Food Grown in Cities D. Agriculture of New York City【答案】 11. A11. 标题判断题。纵观全文可知，文章主要讲述城市里的都市农场，城市居民利用有限的空间，充分利用屋顶，花园和室内种植蔬菜、水果、谷物和药草，并饲养动物。随着更多都市农场的出现，城市居民也可以得到更新鲜的食材。故选A。考点二 概括文章大意【例2】【河南省豫北豫南名校2018届高三上学期第二次联考】CThe traditional British pub is part of the scenery of British life. At a recent count, there are around 50000 of them in the UK, some of which date back to as far as the 5th and 6th centuries. The oldest-Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St. Albans-was established in 795.Because of their abundance, the names pubs take were designed to be memorable-but more than that, they were designed to be visual. Outside any traditional pub worthy of its title, youll find a hanging signboard with a unique illustration(插图)that represents the name of the business. The practice is so well established that even new pubs copy it. But why do they exist at all?The first British pub signs were created in the 12th century and were simple representations of beer containers and other brewing-related equipment used to inform passersby that establishments sold beer. This was Britain in the dark ages, when education was in short supply. Since most of the population were unable to read, pub signs were used to inform would-be customers that they could find a drink inside.The earliest uses of pub names would reference the sign directly. People would arrange to meet “at the sign of the Eagle and Child” rather than “at the Eagle and Child.”Today the tradition remains unchanged largely out of respect for the past, but many pub signs do have some functionality. Remote country pubs often use signboards to point the way to their doors from more trafficked(可贩卖的)paths