高考英语二轮专题复习 定语从句讲义

一岗双责落实还不到位。受事务性工作影响，对分管单位一岗双责常常落实在安排部署上、口头要求上，实际督导、检查的少，指导、推进、检查还不到位。定语从句【考纲解读】根据考纲要求,考生应做到:1.熟练掌握关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句;2.区分限制性和非限制性定语从句;3. 定语从句中的主谓一致； 4. which与that的区别；as与which的区别；whose与of which的转换。【考点纵横】2016年全国卷2015年新课标卷20152016年地方卷目前这么考全国卷(定语从句who;状语从句as / when)新课标卷(定语从句关系代词that / which)新课标卷(定语从句where)2016年江苏(定语从句)2016年浙江(定语从句)2016年北京(定语从句)2015年湖南(非限制性定语从句which)2015年广东(定语从句where)2015年四川(定语从句whose)今后怎么考1. 找准先行词，准确判断先行词在定语从句中所做的成分。2. 关注定语从句的考查重点，难点和交叉点。并列句，状语从句，强调句，名词性从句和定语从句的综合考查。【考题导引】1.(2016全国)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC, influenced the development of chopsticks.解析：who此处who引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。 2.(2016江苏)Many young people，most of _ were well-educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. 解析：whom本题定语从句的先行词是people，关系代词whom指代先行词people，在从句中作介词of的宾语。 3(2016浙江)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of _ has been proved. 解析：这是一个非限制性定语从句, 先行词是theories，指物，这里用“代词 + of + which”引导定语从句，which作介词of的宾语。4(2016北京)I live door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise. 解析：whose couple是先行词，children和couple是所属关系，故填whose。 5. (2015陕西)As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent. 解析：when此处用when引导定语从句修饰先行词the time，the time在从句中作时间状语。【知识梳理】一、关系代词引导的定语从句1who, whom, whose引导的定语从句(1)who 或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。I have many friends to whom Im going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。(2)whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。2that, which引导的定语从句(1)which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that 不用which的情况：先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, all等修饰时。The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。They will never forget the things and persons that theyve seen or heard of during their long journey.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。当从句中的介词提前，构成“介词关系代词”结构时。We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。3as引导的定语从句(1)as 可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same先行词as .”结构中。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。名师指津：which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true.(2013安徽高考单选)莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。 (2)as 也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。“You cant judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相。”二、关系副词引导的定语从句1where 引导的定语从句where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on .which”。Opposite is St.Pauls Church, where you can hear some lovely music.(2015北京高考单选)Opposite is St.Pauls Church, in which you can hear some lovely music.对面是圣保罗大教堂，你们在那里能听到一些动听的音乐。名师指津：当先行词为situation, case, stage, point, activity, atmosphere等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词where引导。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 2when 引导的定语从句when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during .which”结构。I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.(2014湖南高考单选)我正期盼那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。3why引导的定语从句why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词forwhich”结构。Do you know the reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？名师指津：非限制性定语从句中，常用for which 表示原因而不用why。I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting.我把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。 三、“介词关系词”引导的定语从句1介词和关系代词的确定若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词whose名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：（1） 先行词的意思（2） 从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配（3） 句子的意思Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to “献身，致力于”)Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.(2012湖南高考单选)心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中微小的细节也应该考虑在内。Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which(whose price) was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。2“of关系代词”引导的定语从句在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble. 他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。3“介词where”引导的定语从句有时“介词where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)【考点突破】考点1 as，which引导的非限制性定语从句1It is a truly delightful place，_ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.(2015湖南，29)Aas Bwhere Cthat Dwhich答案 D解析 句意为：它确实是一个令人感到快乐的地方，它看起来一定跟100年前一样，有着蜿蜒的街道和美丽的村舍。本句中先行词是a truly delightful place，且后面的定语从句中缺少主语，可用which或that引导；又因为前后两部分用逗号连接，所以所填词引导非限制性定语从句，故用which。2China Today attracts a worldwide readership，_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.(2015福建，34)Awho Bwhom Cthat Dwhich答案 D解析 句意为：今日中国吸引了全世界的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。先行词指代前面的整个主句，在从句中作主语，且空格前有逗号，故用which来引导。3The number of smokers，_ is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.(2015江苏，21)Ait Bwhich Cwhat Das答案 D解析 考查定语从句。句意为：据报道，吸烟者的数量在一年内下降了17%。as引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如”，符合句意，故选D项。考点归纳关系代词as与which引导的非限制性定语从句，其先行词都可以是整个主句，指代主句的整个意思。但as和which具有不同的词义、句法和用法。1as意为“正如，像”。as引导的定语从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。The famous magician Liu Qian，as we all know，is from Taiwan.众所周知，著名魔术师刘谦是台湾人。As is often the case，girls like dolls while boys like guns.女孩子喜欢玩具娃娃而男孩子喜欢枪，这是常见的情况。2which引导的定语从句在意义上近乎并列关系时，可以用and this，and that代替，常译为“这一点，这件事”等。它只能位于主句的后面。He changed his mind again，which(and this/that) made us all angry.他又改变了主意，这使我们大家都生气了。She tore up my photos，which (and that) upset me.她撕碎了我的照片，这使我很不安。3as有以下常见的“固定表达”：as we all know 众所周知；as I can remember 正如我所记得的；as often happens 正如经常发生的那样；as we expect 正如我们预料的那样；as you see正如你所见；as was expected 正如预料的那样；as can be seen 看得出来；as may be imagined 正如可以想象的那样；as has been said above 如上所述；as we all can see 正如我们都能看到的那样；as is often the case情况常常如此；as everybody can do正如人人都能做到的那样。考点2 where引导的定语从句1The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.(2015天津，15)Awhere Bwhich Cwhen Dwho答案 A解析 句意为：该公司的老板正在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，这样他的员工就可以在这种氛围中享受工作的乐趣。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为an easy atmosphere，且从句中缺少地点状语，故要用where。2Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth.(2014福建，31)Awho Bwhen Cwhich Dwhere答案 D解析 关系副词where引导定语从句修饰先行词community activities，且在从句中作地点状语。3The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work _ a good impression is a must.(2014江苏，22)Awhich Bwhen Cas Dwhere答案 D 解析 句意为：这本书极大地帮助了我的日常交流，尤其是在必须给人留下好印象的工作当中。work后跟一个定语从句，且work在从句中作状语，表示一个抽象的地点名词，用where来引导。考点归纳当先行词为position，case，point，stage，situation，condition等表示抽象地点的名词，且定语从句中不缺少主要成分时，常用where引导定语从句，此时where相当于under which，from which，意为“在这种情况下，从中”。一些不是明显表示地点的名词作先行词时，也常用where引导定语从句。He wrote a letter where he explained what had happened in the accident.(2013江西，33)他写了一封信，在信中，他解释了这起事故中发生的事情。Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.(2013四川，9)现在人们更加关注他们生活的环境。考点3 when引导的定语从句1We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，_ the weather may be better.(2016天津，9)Athat Bwhere Cwhich Dwhen答案 D解析 句意为：我们将把去公园的野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能更好。分析句子成分可知定语从句中缺少时间状语，故用when引导。2As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time_ he should be able to be independent.(2015陕西，15)Awhich Bwhere Cwhom Dwhen答案 D解析 句意为：作为家里最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是盼望着他能独立的时候。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为the time，表示时间，且从句中缺少状语，故用when引导。3I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade，_ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.(2014浙江，5)Awhen Bwhere Cwhich Dwhy答案 A解析 句意为：直到五年级我才成为一个热衷攀爬的人，当时我爬上树取下了一个挂在树枝上的风筝。when引导的非限制性定语从句是对先行词the fifth grade的进一步说明，when在从句中作时间状语。考点归纳关系副词when在定语从句中作状语，一般不能省略，可用“介词which”替换。when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常为time，day，morning，night，week，year等表示时间的名词。有时候when也可以和部分介词一起引导定语从句。I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane.我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时间。She went to Japan two years ago，since when I havent heard from her.她两年前去了日本，从那以后我就没有收到过她的来信。考点4 whose引导的定语从句1I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.(2016北京，22)Awhose Bwhy Cwhere Dwhich答案 A解析 句意为：我住在一对夫妇的隔壁，他们的孩子经常弄出很大的噪音。先行词为couple，由句意可知children与couple之间为所属关系，故用关系代词whose。2The books on the desk，_ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.(2015四川，3)Awhich Bwhat Cwhose Dthat答案 C解析 句意为：桌面上那些封面闪亮的书是为我们准备的奖品。本题考查非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词the books和covers之间是所属关系，故选C。3A company _ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.(2014山东，10)Awhich Bwhose Cwho Dwhy 答案 B 解析 考查定语从句关系词的用法。句意为：国内市场利润萎缩的公司可能会去国外市场寻求机会。空格后名词profits和先行词company形成所属关系，故选择whose。考点归纳whose一般指人，但有时也指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose名词”可用“限定词名词of which”或“of which限定词名词”来代替。Do you know the girl whose Japanese is excellent?你认识那个日语非常优秀的姑娘吗？Please pass me the book whose cover is green.Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.请递给我封面是绿色的那本书。考点5 “介词关系代词”引导的定语从句1Many young people，most _ were welleducated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2016江苏，23)Aof which Bof them Cof whom Dof those答案 C解析 句意为：很多年轻人前往偏远地区去追逐梦想，他们中的大多数人都受过良好的教育。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为many young people，作介词of的宾语，故要用whom。2Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of _ has been proved.(2016浙江，11)Awhom Bwhich Cwhat Dthat答案 B解析 句意为：科学家们已经提出许多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论，其中没有一个得到证实。分析句子成分可知，逗号后是“代词ofwhich/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是many theories，指物，故应用 which。3He wrote many childrens books，nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s.(2015重庆，14)Awhom Bwhich Cthem Dthat答案 B解析 句意为：他写了许多儿童读物，几乎有一半的书是在20世纪90年代出版的。逗号之后是一个修饰childrens books的非限制性定语从句，which指代childrens books。考点归纳1“介词关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which(指物)和whom(指人)，即：介词which/whom。不能用that 和who。This is the teacher from whom weve learned a lot.这就是从他那里我们学了很多东西的老师。Great changes have taken place in the city in which we live.我们所居住的城市发生了巨大的变化。 2“名词/代词/数词等ofwhich/whom”引导的定语从句。介词of表示整体和部分的关系，of前边会出现复杂的形式，常见的有“some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most/the larger/the biggest/half/many等ofwhich/whom”形式。做题时如果不好理解，可将关系代词换成先行词，则句子结构和意义就比较明显了。John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members.(2013重庆，24)约翰大约邀请了40人参加他的婚礼，其中大多数是他的家人。3介词which名词His wife got seriously ill，in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad.他的妻子病得很重，因此他不得不放弃出国的机会。4“复合介词短语which”引导的定语从句。此结构常与先行词用逗号分开，且定语从句常用倒装语序。They arrived at the house，in front of which sat a little boy.他们到达那座房子，房前坐着一个小男孩。5from where为“介词关系副词”结构，也可以引导定语从句。He hid himself behind the door，from where he saw the man take a photo of something on the desk.他躲在门后面，从那里他看见那个人拍摄了桌子上的什么东西。(from where指代from behind the door，并非指代from the door)考点6 定语从句易混辨析1Its not doing the things we like，but liking the things we have to do _ makes life happy.(2014湖南，33)Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwho答案 A解析 考查强调句型的判定。句意为：让生活愉快的不是做我们喜欢的事情，而是喜欢那些我们不得不做的事情。强调句型的判断方法是将It is/was与that去掉，来验证句子成分是否完整。经判断句子“Not doing the things we like but liking the things we have to do makes life happy.”成分完整，结构正确，由此可以判定本句是强调句型，所以空格处应用that。本题中包含结构not.but.“不是而是”，连接平行的并列结构。2It was the culture，rather than the language，_ made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.(2014福建，29)Awhere Bwhy Cthat Dwhat答案 C 解析 考查强调句。句意为：是风俗文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。去掉It was及空格处所填词此句成分仍完整，由此可断定本句是强调句型，所以空格处用that。考点归纳1定语从句与并列句：并列句有and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。He has two children，and both of them are abroad.He has two children，both of whom are abroad.2定语从句与地点状语从句：定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句的关系词根据需要可用“介词which”来代替where，而地点状语从句则通常只能由 where引导。Rice doesnt grow well where there is not enough water.(状语从句)I still remember the farm where(in which) my parents worked ten years ago.(定语从句)3定语从句与强调句：强调句的结构为“It is/was被强调部分that从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。检测是否是强调句的方法是：把强调句中的It is/was与that/who去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。It is on the morning of May 1st that I met Liang Wei at the airport.(强调句)It is the factory where Mr Wang works.(定语从句)4定语从句与结果状语从句：在such.as/that结构中，如果复合句中需要一个引导词，同时又需在从句中充当一定的成分，则用as作关系词来引导定语从句。如果从句中不缺少任何成分，所需要的词只起连接作用，则要用that来引导结果状语从句。She is such a kind and funny girl that all of us like to make friends with her.It is such a big stone as no one can move.【真题感悟】1(2015新课标全国卷语法填空)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 2(2015广东高考语法填空)When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market _ people from the towns met regularly. 3(2014新课标全国卷语法填空)Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit _ is driving your family crazy. 4(2013广东高考语法填空)Nicks guests, _ had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. 5(2015江苏高考改编)The number of smokers, _is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 6(2015四川高考改编)The books on the desk, _ covers are shiny, are prizes for us. 7(2015陕西高考改编)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent. 8(2015重庆高考改编)He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s. 9(2016高考全国乙卷语法填空)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，_ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 10(2016高考全国丙卷语法填空)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，_ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC.，influenced the development of chopsticks. 11(2013高考新课标全国卷单选，4改编)When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house _ I woul