学术论文写作（德国）.ppt

Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Academic Writing 17.10.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Table of Contents 1.Structure of the Work 1.1. Preliminaries 1.2. Main Body 1.3. End Matter 2.Criteria of Academic Work 2.1. Objectiveness 2.2. Reliability 2.3. Validity Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Table of Contents (continued) 3. Citation 3.1. Direct Citation 3.2. Indirect Citation 3.3. Footnotes 4.Process 4.1. Selection of the Thesis Topic 4.2. Literature Research 4.3. Literature Overview and Evaluation 4.4. Manuscript (Tools and Techniques) Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant 1.1.Preliminaries Contents Titel Page Information about the type of work, author, examiner etc. All section numbers, titles and page details ListsLists of all tables, figures, abbreviations Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Justus-Liebig University Giessen Faculty 09: Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management Seminar Essay/Diplom Thesis/Master Thesis Title of Thesis If applicable, Subtitle Examiner: Prof. Dr. Name Surname Presented by: Name Surname Giessen, Data Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Table of Contents - Must comprise all parts of the written work, using exact the same wording as the chapter headings - Preferably Decimal-Classifying System can be applied, Character-Numeral System recommended in contents with more than 5 levels (Sesink 2000, p.97) - Main text page numbers must be written with Arabic numeral, Indexes-with Roman numeral. Title page doesnt require any number. Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Source: TRAIKOVA D (2005): Gender Differences in non - farm rural employment, /Gender%20in%20Bulgaria_final.pdf 30.09.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Lists - List of visuals shows page numbers of used tables, graphs or figures - These must be numbered and cross-referenced in text - All abbreviations with the exception of common ones (etc. kg.) must be listed and explained in according index Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Source: TRAIKOVA D (2005): Gender Differences in non - farm rural employment,/Gender%20in%20Bulgaria_final.pdf 30.09.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant 1.2. Main Body Introduction Brief exposition of scientific problem being studied Main TextChapters reporting authors research Conclusion Summery of the work, presentation of acquired knowledge Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant - Reasons of the topic choice or general remarks regarding its relevance - Formulation of thesis central question - Brief overview of thesis structure and suggestion of the argumentation direction Introduction Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Main Text - Placement of the topic into the state of the art of scientific research; Disquisition of models, theories, definitions - Explanatory statement about applied methodological approach - Presentation of empirical research results - Discussion, i.e. assessment and interpretation of the results Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Conclusion - Linkage between the topic question and research results Discussion: - Recap of the own specific observation - General Statement related to the works of the others (Katz 2006, p.101) Conclusion Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant 1.3.End Matter Appendix List of all used sources in alphabetical order Annotation List of detailed explanations that exceed the intrinsic contents DeclarationAffirmation that the thesis has been written really by the author References May contain full details of data collected Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Appendix - Appendix is not a commentary, it is a detailed explanation that is too long for the Methods section (Katz 2006, p.66) - It might explain a mathematical formula, detail of computer programme or contain questionnaires, statistical materials, text of a law etc. Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Annotation, Declaration - Annotation can be attached to the thesis as a list of explanatory notes numbered trough the whole thesis (Of course if they are not set as footnotes below the text) - In the declaration the author assures that the thesis was written independently and without unquoted external assistance. It must be signed by hand. Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant References (1) - There are many ways of writing a list of references. Important is to use one of them consistently - Reference can be divided into the primary and secondary literature parts - It is recommended to indent second etc. Lines - Alphabetical order is preferably used. Works with no author should be alphabetised by the first significant word in the title Sources: Theissen 1998;Sesink 2000 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant References (2) Books (General Form): Author (year of publication): Title. Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher One Author: Curtiss, J (2002): Efficiency and Structural Changes in Transition. A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Czech Crop Production. Aachen: Shaker Two Authors: Lanjouw, P., G. Feder (2001): Rural Non-Farm Activities and Rural Development. Rural Development Strategy Background Paper 4/2001. Washington D.C., USA: The World Bank Rural Development Family. Note:These reference rules are oriented to the statements of Prof. Dr. Leonhuser, from http:/www.uni-giessen.de/fbr09/ebvv/pdf- Dateien/LeitfadenWissArbeit.pdf,30.09.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Reference (3) More Than 3 Authors: The Name of the first Author with the addition et al.” Newspaper Article: Author (year of publication): Title. Subtitle.Newspaper Title can be italic. Volume (Event.Nr.): Pages numbers McPherson, M. A. et al.(2000): A Re-Examination of the Linder Hypothesis. A Random-Effects Tobit Approach. International Economic Journal. 14 (3):123-136 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant Reference (4) To the Books or articles, two or more by the same author in the same year, are added small Latin letters: Lyons J. (1981a): Language and linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lyons J. (1981b): Language, meaning and context. London: Fontana. Articles in collective editions: AUTHOR (year of publication): Title. Subtitle. In: Editor (Ed.): Title. Subtitle. Edition, Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers Stern H.H., A. Weinrib (1978): Foreign languages for younger children: Trends and assessment. In: Kinsella V.(Ed.): Language teaching and linguistics: Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,152-172 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) www.uni-giessen.de/zeuNino Chkoidze Research assistant References (5) Documents obtained from the Internet should demonstrate the author (editor) and the title. The URL information is placed at the end of the reference. It is important to state the date of retrieval: Fishbein M., I. Ajzen (1975): Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior. An Introducing toTheory and Research. http:/www- /aizen/f ) FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; ) OEC