2015年考研英语一真题及答案解析完整版.pdf

2015 考研英语一试题答案及解析考研英语一试题答案及解析 Section 1 Use of English Directions:Readthe following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as “related“ as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 。 The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 。 While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.“ The team also developed a “friendship score“ which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes。 The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than “functional kinship“ of being friends with 14 ! One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor。 The findings do not simply corroborate people s 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects。 1AwhatB whyC howD when 2AdefendedB concludedC withdrawnD advised 3AforB withC byD on 4AseparatedB sought C comparedD connected 5AtestsB objects C samplesD examples 6AinsignificantB unexpected C unreliableD incredible 7AvisitB missC knowD seek 8AsurpassB influenceC favorD resemble 9AagainB alsoC instead D thus 10AMeanwhile B FurthermoreC LikewiseD Perhaps 11AaboutB to C fromD like 12AlimitB observeC confuseD drive 13Aaccording toB rather than C regardless ofD along with 14AchancesB responsesC benefitsD missions 15AfasterB slower C laterD earlier 16AforecastB rememberC expressD understand 17Aunpredicted B contributoryC controllable D disruptive 1 考考 研研 内内 幕幕 爆爆 料料 后记：为什么而考研？ 你知道自己为什么而选择考研？是为了不想就业选择考研？是为了跟别人比较 不满足于现在的学历和学校而选择考研？是为了继续提高自己的专业能力，将 来更好的工作或者出国而考研？总之每个人都有自己的目的，木哥希望大家目 标很明确而且是积极向上的，否则就不要去做！ 如果你目标很明而且是积极向上的16或者16后的考研者，欢迎加入16考研VIP 辅导班，这里已经有74个志同道合的考研同胞，大家相互监督，互相配对共同 进步，加上木哥每阶段根据个人情况制定复习计划，目前大部分已经明显看到 自己英语的进步60秒一口气背诵一篇文章！明年将会步步前行，辉煌2016！ 作者木哥，硕士毕业，2012年从事长虹手机软件工程师工作，历任软件研发经 理，采购课长，网络运营总监。目前自主创业，团队12年营业额1200W，目前 已经在15考研中开始招募项目团队。木哥本人获评百度考研认证作家，继续为 考研者引路导航。QQ they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now。 26. The Supreme Court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to A search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant。 B check suspects phone contents without being authorized。 C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents。 D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones。 27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of A tolerance。 B indifference。 C disapproval。 D cautiousness。 28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable to A getting into ones residence。 B handing ones historical records。 C scanning ones correspondences。 D going through ones wallet。 29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that A principles are hard to be clearly expressed。 B the court is giving police less room for action。 C phones are used to store sensitive information。 D citizens privacy is not effective protected。 30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that (A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly。 (B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution。 (C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution。 (D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered。 T2 26 答案 B check suspects phone contents without being authorized 解析：细节题。根据自然段定位原则，定位到首段。根据题干关键词 supreme court， whether 精确定位到第一段最后一句 whether police can search the contents of a mobile 5 phone.，与选项进行对应，即为 B 在不授权的情况下检查嫌疑人的电话信息。注意 A 选 项应是 search contents。 27 答案 C disapproval 解析：态度题。根据题干 Californias argument 定位到第二段最后一句及第三段首句， 这些句子中提到 hard recklessly modest等负向词，表达的是负面态度。看选项属于负面 的就是 disapproval。A 容忍，B 冷漠是典型错误，D 粗心。 28 答案 Agetting into ones residence 解析：细节题。题干问：作者认为搜索电话薄就相当于什么？根据段落界定原则定位到 第四段转折处，提到 But exploring ones smart phone is more like entering his or her home。 与 选项对应，A 中的 residence 对应 home，是原文的同意替换。注意 D 选项不是作者的观点， 不能将文中人物观点当作作者观点。 29 答案 D citizens privacy is not effective protected 解析：细节题。根据题干定位到 5 段和 6 段，题干问作者最关注的是什么，即是相应段 落的段落中心。因此，该题表面是细节题，实质为段落核心。5 段首句为中心句提到，应采 取措施保护数据隐私；6 段又继续陈述原则的不恰当之处。根据这些内容，对应答案 D 市 民隐私未能得到有效保护。 30 答案 B New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution 解析：例证题。题干问的是引用 Orin Kerr 的目的是什么，即 Orin Kerr 是论据，其目的 是论点。 论点往往在论据的前面， 所以要找例子前面的一句话， 即 New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections。与选项对应，就是 B new technology 是原词复现，require 等同于 demands，reinterpretation of the Constitution 同义 替换 applications of the Constitutions protections。 Text 3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings。 “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts。 Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of thestatistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish。 ” Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role。 ” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science。 ” 31. It can be learned from Paragraph I that 6 A Science intends to simplify its peer-review process。 Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks。 Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis。 Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects。 32. The phrase flagged up” (Para.2)is the closest in meaning to Afound。 Brevised。 Cmarked Dstored 33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may Apose a threat to all its peers Bmeet with strong opposition Cincrease Sciences circulation。 Dset an example for other journals 34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now A. adds to researchers workload。 B. diminishes the role of reviewers。 C. has room for further improvement。 D. is to fail in the foreseeable future。 35. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science Text 3 31. 答案 B journals are strengthening their statistical checks 段落推断题 考查的是段落 中心句，定位在首段首句 The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in- chief Marcia McNott announced today. 科学 杂志将要对同行评审过程增加额外 的资源。与选项 B 同意替换。 32. 答案 C marked 词义句意题 根据所猜短语 flagged up 所在句子的句意，手稿将被 flagged up 以供杂志编辑、现有的编辑评审委员会或外部同行审查。比较四个选项，只有 C marked 被标记，符合题意。 33. 答案 D set an example for other journals 观点细节题 定位在四段末句 This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science. 这不仅对于科学 杂 志本身的出版有影响，还有希望影响其它的出版社，这些出版社想继科学 杂志之后树 立自己的典型形象。选项 D 是这句话的概括总结。 34. 答案 D has room for further improvement 观点细节题 定位在末段末句，Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that 。.”Vaux 认为科学 杂志的想法有一些好处，但是有个缺点是。.这就说明这个 想法是有进一步改进的空间的。 35. 答案 AScience Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers 主旨大意题 本文首段首句就 是全文主题句， 科学 杂志将要对同行评审过程增加额外的资源，而且全文其它各个段落 都在围绕对这一想法不同专家的不同态度在论述，所以选项 A 是对全文中心的完整表达。 7 Text 4 Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “its us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit” 。 Driving her point home, she continued: “Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom 。 ”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking。 As the hacking trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same chargethe wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still unfolds。 In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defense was that she knew nothing。 In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability。 The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions nor received traceable, recorded answers。 36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by (A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism。 (B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices (C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues。 (D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions。 37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that (A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime。 (B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking。 (C)Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge。 (D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions。 38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defense (A) revealed a cunning personality。 8 (B) centered on trivial issues。 (C) was hardly convincing。 (D) was part of a conspiracy。 39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows (A) generally distorted values。 (B) unfair wealth distribution。 (C) a marginalized lifestyle。 (D) a rigid moral code。 40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph? (A) The quality of writings is of primary importance。 (B) Common humanity is central to news reporting。 (C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper。 (D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations。 36. 答案 A. The consequences of the current sorting mechanism. 因果细节题 题目问到 Elisbeth 因什么而感到沮丧。定位在第一段第二句 Intergrity had collapsed, ., because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market, 由于社会中唯一的分类机制是利润和市场这一共同的观念，导致了正直这种道德品 质的沦丧。 37. 答案 B more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking 段落推断题 定位到第 三段第一句 As the hacking trial concludes the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands 正 如窃听案总结的那样，仍然存在更广泛的 dearth of integrity 的事件，与选项 B 对应。 38. 答案 C was hardly convincing 观点细节题 根据第四段第二句中 astonishing，how little.,how little. She never . 以及第三句中 She knew nothing 的语气判断作者的态度是认 为 RB 的辩护是没有说服力的。 39. 答案 A generally distorted values 观点细节题 题干定位在第五段第三句，答案定位 在随后的第四、第五句。 The current collective doctrine 认为重要的是 efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, 而认为 justice, fairness。.不重要，故扭曲了价值观。 40. 答案是 Cmoral awareness matters in editing a newspaper. 段落推断题 定位在最后 一段前两句。世界新闻杂志的目的不是提升读者的理解能力。 。 。 。而是为了发行量和影响力 而毁了人们的生活。从 ruined the lives 的表达能看出作者希望杂志所做的是提高其道德意 识，与 C 选项对应。 Part B Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) How does your reading proceed? Clearly, you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41)_. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is evolved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where? The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension but they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference 9 and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) _ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relationship of the text to the world. (43) _ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _. This does not, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns- debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of belief and values。 How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) _. Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It does not then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment。 A Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room。 B Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others。 C If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them。 DIn effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended。 E You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validityinferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible。 F In plays, novels and narrative poems, chara