科技英语句子的写作.ppt

1.统一性 2.连贯性 3.简洁性 4.遣词造句的多样性 句子的统一性就是句子中各种成分之间是协调 一致的。一个具有同一性的句子表达的是一个 完整的思想。 例1：Born in Beijing, China in 1930, Yuan Longping came up with an idea for hybridizing rice in the 1966s, when a series of natural disasters had plunged China into an unprecedented famine. 袁隆平1930年出生在中国北京，20世纪60年代 ，一系列自然灾害使中国遭遇了前所未有的饥 荒， 就在此时他提出了杂交水稻的想法。 此句在语法上是没有问题的，但分词短语 Born(袁隆平1930年出生在中国北京)与主 句（他提出了杂交水稻的想法）在逻辑上 没有关联，使得整个句子的意思不一致， 违反了统一性原则。 连贯性指词语之间、词句之间衔接自然、布局合理 ，以及语言流畅通达。一个具有连贯性的句子其词 与词之间、各句子成分之间的关系是明确的，不会 产生歧义，不会含糊不清。保持句子的连贯性常用 的手段有指代、替代、重复、省略，以及使用表逻 辑关系的过渡词（又称信号词，如therefore, however, hence, as a result)、关联词（如各种并列连 词或从属连词）等。 突然改变叙述主题、时态或语态 前后不一致、数 的不一致、代词指代不明确、不恰当的省略、比较 对象不一致、排比结构不排比，悬垂结构错误等都 会影响句子的一贯性，请看具体例子： 例：(错误) The eluant was added to the column, and the samples collected in 10ml increments.（当并列分句中前后分句的助动 词在数上不一样时，后面的助动词不能省 略。) （正确） The eluant was added to the column, and the samples were collected in 10ml increments. (汉译）将洗脱液加入分离柱，每10毫升依 次收集样品。 当句中具有两个或多个词、词组或分句， 它们结构相同、语法作用相同时，就构成 了平行结构，又称为排比结构。如果起着 相同作用的排比结构呈不同的结构形式， 就违反了平行结构原则。 例：（不当）The fused protoplasts in the enzyme solution were generally large, cytoplasmic dense and varied in shape. (三个划 线部分是并列的表语成分，平行结构原则 要求他们语法结构上要一致。） （正确） The fused protoplasts in the enzyme solution were generally large in size, dense in cytoplasm and varied in shape. (汉译）酶解液中融合的原生质体总体上体 积大，细胞质密度大， 形状各异。 句子如果有某个短语其逻辑主语没有明确 给出，我们往往认为这个逻辑主语就是句 子的主语，违背了这个原则，就是烦了悬 垂结构（dangling modifier）的错误。 例： (错误） Splitting the atom, many new elements were discovered by Seaborg. (西博格 通过原子的裂变又发现了许多新元素。） 改法一、将Splitting的逻辑主语 Seaborg 放在主语 位置上 Splitting the atom, Seaborg discovered many new elements. 改法二、将Splitting短语前加by，变成方式状语 Many new elements were discovered by splitting the atom. 改法三、 把这个悬垂结构改为方式状语，但这种 改法不够简洁 When Seaborg split the atom, many new elements were discovered. 例：（不当）The results indicated that the content of ADM target liposomes in the tumor tissues was apparently higher than free ADM. (此句比较的对象是靶向质体阿霉素组和游离阿霉素组的 含量，即the content, 此句中“含量”与“游离阿霉素组”是没 有可比性的，因此缺乏连贯性。） （正确） The results indicated that the content of ADM target liposomes in the tumor tissues was apparently higher than that of the free ADM. (汉译) 结果表明，靶向质体阿霉素组（ADM）在肿瘤组 织中的含量明显高于游离阿霉素组。 例： （不当） A microcomputerized measuring system is developed. An IV characteristic curve can be automatically acquired in 5 seconds with an accuracy of 0.05%. 第一句的叙事主体是A microcomputerized measuring system ， 而第二句突然变成了An IV characteristic curve, 上下文 之间缺乏联系，破坏了连贯性。 （正确） A microcomputerized measuring system is developed, which can automatically produce an IV characteristic curve can be automatically acquired in 5 seconds with an accuracy of 0.05%. （将两句话用一个定语从句合并 起来) (汉译）研制了一个微机测量系统，这个系统可在5秒钟内 自动获得IV特征曲线，精确度为0.05%。 （1）用词上的简洁性 为做到用词简洁，应尽量避免使用意 义重复的词或词组。应使用人称代词、指 示代词等指代前面提到过的人或物。 （2）句型上的简洁性 句型上的简洁性原则就是能用词来表 达就不用短语，能用短语就不用分句，能 用简单句就不用复合句。有如下方法可以 使句子更加简洁： A) 把多个简单句合并成复合句 B) 把主语从句转化为词或词组 如：It is interesting that Interestingly It is obvious that obviously It is more common that More commonly It is more important that More importantly C) 定语从句转化为非谓语动词词组或其他 词组 D) 把并列谓语转化为分词短语 F) 把状语从句转化为介词短语、形容词短 语、名词短语或非谓语动词词组，或者是 连词+非谓语动词，连词+无动词词组 （1）除了一些专有名词和专业术语，一般 情况下应避免重复使用相同的词或词组。 我们可以用同义词或同义词组来替换。 （2）避免在同一段落中重复使用同一种句 型而导致行文单调缺乏活力。 一、修改以下句子: 1. The total area under natural protection reaches 19330 hectares, and which account for 2.01% of the total area of China. 2. The boil point of the solution is higher than any of its separate components. 3. Using triethanolamine (三乙醇胺）as absorption solution to capture various air pollutants simultaneously in one sample, its absorption efficiency is high. 4. Chinese traditional herbal medicine takes a high proportion on the pharmaceutical market and are being more and more emphasized, so that the supply is smaller than the demand. 5. Some microorganisms can survive under extreme environments, for example, a lot of microorganisms were found in sea and saline lakes. 6. That happened later indicated that this endothermic reaction may alleviate the breakage of a filament due to denitrogenation during the carbonization stage. （随后发生的现象表明，该 吸热反应可能会减缓由碳化阶段的脱氮反应所引起的细小 纤维的断裂。) 1.改为：The total area under natural protection reaches 19330 hectares, which accounts for / , representing 2.01% of the territorial area of China. /, being 2.01% of the territorial area of China. 2. The boil point of the solution is higher than that of any of its separate components. 3. 悬垂修饰语错误。改为 By using triethanolamine (三乙醇胺）as absorption solution to capture various air pollutants simultaneously in one sample, higher absorption efficiency can be obtained. 4. 此句犯有用词不当，主谓不一致等错误 ，可改为 Chinese traditional herbal medicine takes a large proportion in the pharmaceutical market, which is still growing, leading to the situation that its supply falls short of demand. 5. survive为及物动词，后面的under可以去 掉。或者把survive改为live。 6.句首的that 应该改为what。that和what都 能引导名词性从句，但前者只起连接词的 作用，而后者再从句中作主语，二者不能 互换。 在科技英语论文和教科书中，越有1/3的动词使用了被 动语态。因为科学总是以活动为焦点，突出结果，而不是 强调什么人从事活动或促使了这些活动，用省略了by agent 介词短语的被动态恰好能满足这个要求。 我们不说：We need to take several factors in to account. 而说：There are several factors to be considered. 没有动作的主体卷入，使科技英语中的被动结构给人以间 接、客观的印象，符合科学应该具备的不受主观影响、没 有先入为主、实事求是的态度。 例如： The coolant is situated through the annular spaces between the fuel elements and the moderator, absorbing heat as it passes, and the heat so absorbed is conveyed out of the core to the heat exchanger. Very large quantities of heat are generated by fission, and in order that these may be rapidly dissipated, a large volume of coolant is required. It is therefore frequently pressurized, especially where a gaseous coolant is used, to increase its density. A number of different coolants have been employed, including water, carbon dioxide and liquid metals. 汉译： 冷却剂在释热元件和缓和剂之间做环形循环， 循环时吸收热量，并把吸收过来的热量从反应器 中心向热交换器传递。裂变产生大量的热量，为 使这些热量快速消散，需要大量的冷却剂。因此 ，我们常用加压的方法以增加冷却剂的密度，尤 其是在使用气体冷却剂时。现在已使用的冷却剂 有若干种，其中包括水、二氧化碳和液态金属等 。 （1）无主句 例：关于轻质烷烃在金属改性分子筛 表面 （如Zn-ZSM-5，Mo-ZSM-5，以及Ga-ASM-5 等）的催化活性的实验研究，已有大量报 道。 英译：A large number of experimental studies on the catalytic activation of light alkanes over metal exchanged zeolites, such as ZnZSM-5, Mo- ZSM-5 and Ga-ASM-5 have been reported. （2）泛指句 汉语中含有“人们”，“我们”等字样，而英语 中极少使用“people”做主语，这是英语使用 被动态。 例：有人建议必须立即禁止使用氟碳化合 物。 英译：It has been suggested that the use of fluorocarbons should be banned immediately. （3）有主语但无施事者的句子 例：壁炉采用耐火砖课大大降低热耗。 英译：The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler. （4）含“把”字句，以及含“是的”字句 例：有几种肺炎是用抗生素无法治愈的。 英译：Some types of pneumonia cant be treated with antibiotics. （5）其他可译为被动态的汉语句子通常含有“被” 、“受”、“由”、“用”、“通过”、“予以”、“得到”、“ 之所以是因为”等 例1： 使用一个配有可控冷却装置（CCA-7）的 Perkin-Elmer DSC 7， 再升温速率为10C/min时， 进行了差示扫描量热法（DSC）实验。 英译：Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed using a Perkin-Elmer DSC 7 which was equipped with a controlled cooling accessory (CCA-7) at a heating rate of 10C/min. 例2：一旦多巴胺被输送到神经内部，要么 被重新包装成小泡，要么被代谢掉。 英译：Once dopamine is transported back inside the neutron, it is either repackaged into vesicles or metabolized. 例3：色谱图上较后出现的蓝色和紫色宽带 是由碱性pH值变化引起的。 英译：The broad blue and purple bands that occur later in the plot are caused by an alkaline pH shift. 翻译下面具有被动态特征的句子： 1.对待检流感病毒样品进行了逆转录和扩增 、荧光标记、杂交和扫描分析。（reverse transcription, amplification, fluorescent dye labeling, hybridization and scanning)。 2.所有含氯氟烃（CFCs）或类似物质的产 品必须一律贴上标签，而且禁止使用一切 消耗臭氧的非必需品。 3.风速是用米 /秒来表示的。 4.这种肺炎是由病毒和真菌引起的。 5.虽然病原体（pathogens)表现出惊人的对抗主体 防御的能力，但是它们之间的斗争可以看做是一 场无休无止的军备竞赛。 6.因此，这种机制可理解为变构调节( allosteric regulation )。 7.人的免疫系统(innate immune system)一直被认为 是“低技术含量的免疫系统”。直到现在我们才理 解先天免疫力具有重要的分子特性。 8.目前已分离出的H5N1病毒是否保留了这 个特性还有待证实。 9.据估计，人的疾病有40%是由细菌感染引 起的。 10.他们声称这种DNA聚合酶(DNA polymerase)的持续合成能力(processivity)的提 高使反应时间大大缩短。(allow) 1. Influenza virus sample was treated for reverse transcription, amplification, fluorescent dye labeling, hybridization and scanning. 2. Warning labels must be placed on all products containing CFCs or similar substances and non-essential uses of ozone-depleting products are prohibited. 3. The speed of wind is expressed in meters by second. 4. This kind of pneumonia is caused by viruses and fungi. 5. Although pathogens display a remarkable ability to outmaneuver host defenses, this struggle has been described as a neverending arms race. 6.This mechanism could therefore be interpreted as an allosteric regulation. 7.The innate immune system had always been viewed as the “low-tech immune system”. Only now do we understand that innate immunity has significant molecular specifity. 8. Whether currently isolated H5N1 viruses have retained this property remains to be determined/ seen/analyzed. 9. It was estimated that forty percent of human diseases are the result of infection by bacteria. 10. They claimed that the increased processivity of this DNA polymerase allows reaction times to be reduced. 1. 分词作定语和状语 2. 动词不定式 3. 动名词 4. 独立主格结构 分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词 表动作的正在进行或与谓语动词同时进行 ，或动作的短暂性以及未完成等含义；过 去分词则表动作的而完成意义和被动意义 。试比较： A sample to be tested 待检测的样品 A sample being tested 正在检测的样品 A sample tested 已检测的样品 分词作定语时，单个分词一般放在所修饰的名词 前。有时为了强调动作的意义也可以后置; 而分词 短语总是放在所修饰词之后。分词短语作状语相 当于状语从句，作定语则起定语从句的作用。 例1：an alternating current (前置定语) 交流电 oxygen-containing functional groups (前置定语) 含氧官能集团 the physisorbed tropoelastin layers (前置定语) 物理吸附的弹性蛋白源层 the factors involved (后置定语) 相关的因子 the parties concerned (后置定语) 有关各方 the terms omitted (后置定语) 省略的条款/术语 例2 ：Materials exhibiting true biocompatibility perform their function without eliciting an undue host response or resulting in adverse clinical outcomes. (exhibiting为分词短语作后置定语；eliciting or resulting 为并列的动名词短语，作介词宾语) 汉译：真正具有生物兼容性的材料不仅能正常工 作，而且不会引发主体的不良反应，也不会导致 不利的临床征兆。 分词短语作状语，其意义多种多样，主要表原因、结果、伴随 状况、条件、让步等，相当于状语从句的作用。其在句中的位 置比较灵活，放在句首和句末较多，也有放在句中的。 例1： Results from DN-4PB-CI measurements are consistent with the previous from single-notch Charpy impact tests, indicating that the incorporation of small amounts of DRC nanoribbons in PS results in considerable toughening. (此句有indicating that引出的 分词短语作结果状语，类似用法的动词还有suggesting that ; showing that ; implying that ; meaning that ) 汉译： DN-4PB-CI样品的测量结果与之前的单缺口Charpy冲击 测试结果相符，这表明在聚苯乙烯(PS)中添加很少量的DRC纳 米带可以产生很好的增韧效果。 由于分词短语在科技英语中大量使用，常常作定语和状语的分 词短语同事出现在句中，使得句子拉长。 例2：This work not only reveals some separation characteristics of MOFs but also elucidates the underlying mechanisms at a molecular level, providing useful microscopic information toward a complete understanding of the separation characteristics of MOFs that can lead to general design strategies for synthesizing new MOFs with tailored properties. (providing作状语表结果，该分词短语还含有一个 that引导的定语从句，synthesizing为动名词短语作for的宾语。) 汉译：本实验不仅揭示了MOFs的某些分离特性，还从分子级别 上阐明了其分离机理，为透彻理解MOFs的分离特性，以便制定 整体的设计策略，最终合成具有特定性质的新MOFs，提供了有 关的微观信息。 动词不定式在句子中的作用可谓全能，除了不 能作谓语，其他成分都可以作。但是科技英语 中最常见的动词不定式短语是作定语和状语。 作定语放在所修饰的名词之后，作状语通常表 示目的，偶见表结果。作状语的不定时短语在 句子中的位置比较灵活，常见在句首和句末， 偶见在句中。表目的的不定式还可以以in order to, in order for sb. to do sth., so as to形式出现， 前者可放在句首，后者则通常放在非句首位置 。 动词不定式作主语，在句型“It is+形容词/ 名词+不定式”的结构中非常普遍。常使用的 形容词和名词有： Apparent，clear/unclear， doubtful， important，necessary，obvious，possible /theoretically possible；aim，attempt， challenge，doubt，goal，objective，task， wonder等。 例：With the successes of these microanalytical methods , it seemed obvious to develop more compact and more versatile formats for them, and to look for other applications of microscale methods in chemistry and biochemistry. (to develop and to look 构成了并列主语) 汉译：由于这些微观分析方法非常成功， 使得开发更便捷、用途更广的应用模式， 以及寻找微观尺度方法在化学与生化上的 其他应用成为必然。 后面常跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有：aim, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, endeavor, fail, guarantee, offer, plan, proceed, promise, prove, refuse, seek, threaten, undertake, venture。 有时不定式前可加疑问词，如：what/how to do; which one to choose; when to start等。 例1：With this knowledge, one can attempt to modify the surface structure or composition in a search for more active catalysts. 汉译：掌握了这些知识后，人们就能试着 修改表面结构或表面组分，以便找到活性 更大的催化剂。 在SVOC句型中当有不定式作宾语，又有形 容词做宾补时，需要用特殊的外位结构， 即宾语后移，用it填补空缺，作形式宾语： 例2：If the human gene pool can be seen as a sort of species-wide natural resource, its only sensible for the rarest of those genes to be husbanded preserved most carefully, so that every generation may enjoy their benefits. Even the most ardent egalitarians would find it hard to object to an Einstein appearing every 50 years or a Chopin every century. 汉译：如果人类的基因库可被视为一种物种的自然资 源，那么明智的做法就是加倍小心地去培养和保护那 些稀有的基因，这样使每一代人都从中受益。即使是 最狂热的自我中心者也很难反对每50年出一个爱因斯 坦，或每100年出一个肖邦。 例：In one of the first systematic attempts to describe the difference between primates and other mammals, Thomas Huxley argued that the former are distinguished by virtue of their adaptation to arboreal life. (to describe 作定语修饰attempts) 汉译：在最早尝试系统地描述灵长类和其他哺 乳动物的区别时，托马斯赫胥黎认为，灵长 类与众不同是因为他们能适应在树上生活。 例：Since no experimental information is available on the branching ratio of the rate constants of the multiple-channel reactions, theoretical investigation is desirable to give a further understanding of the reaction mechanism.(不定式作目的状语)。 汉译：由于目前对于多通道反应速率常数 的分支比尚无任何实验数据，所以理论研 究对于我们更进一步了解反应的机理是十 分有帮助的。 例：The objective of current thesis is to provide accurate results of the reaction path and the temperature dependence of rate constants and to explore the reaction mechanism of these reactions.(两 个不定式短语作表语，即主补，说明主语objective 的具体内容。） 译文：本文主要目的是为反应路径、速率常数与 温度的关系提供精确的计算，以及进一步研究这 些反应的机理。 例：Vector volmeters are essentially as easy to operate as simple volmeters. (be easy to operate 为形容词和动词不定式一起构成的复合谓 语） 汉译：矢量伏特计基本上与简单的电压计 一样易于操作。 所谓动名词就是动词的-ing形式，它既有动词 特征，又有名词特征。其动词特征是指作动名 词的动词后面可以接宾语，或被状语修饰；其 名词特征是指动名词或动名词短语可以起着一 个名词的作用，在句中作主语、宾语、定语、 表语等。 后面常接动名词作宾语的动词有： admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate, avoid, consider, delay, ensure, escape, evade, facilitate, include, involve, prevent, report, risk, stop, suggest, understand等。 例：In addition to identifying the different brain regions that play a role in timing, these experiments are prompting scientists to reexamine the classic view of how neutrons keep track of time.(动名词短语作介宾） 汉译：这些实验除了识别起计时作用的不 同脑区外，还促使科学家重新审视有关神 经如何计时的传统观念。 独立主格结构是指一个由 with+名词词组+ （1）现在分词/过去分词（短语） (有时with可省略) （2）动词不定式短语 （3）形容词短语 （4）介词短语 （5）副词 （6）名词（短语） 构成的短语，放在句首或句末，在句子中作状语，说明原 因、结果、伴随状况、条件等意义，偶尔作定语用。 例：In doing work machines have some energy loss, the energy lost being transformed into heat due to friction. (过去分词lost作后置定语修饰 energy；“the energy lost being”是省略了with 的分词独立主格结构，作结果状语) 汉译：做功时，所有机器搜有一些能量损 耗。这些损耗的能量由于摩擦而转变为热 能。 例: Apart from chemical composition, there are other distinguishing features, all to do with shape and size. 译文：除了化学组分，还有其他独特的属 性，都与形状和尺寸有关。 例：With more than 100 kits available, let our assay kits do the work for you. (形容词独立主 格结构，表原因) 译文：我们有100套试剂盒提供给您，让这 些试剂盒为您效力吧。 一、用分词或分词短语翻译划线部分。 (1) 氢是已知元素中最轻的。 Hydrogen is the lightest element _. (2) 这个问题一直没有得到解答。 The question remains _. (3) 晶体管体积小、重量轻，优于真空管。 _, transistors have advantages over vacuum tubes. (4) 速度等于距离除以时间。 Speed equals distance _. (5) 电压等于电流乘以电阻。 Voltage equals current_. (6) 这个力很小，可以忽略不计。 _, this force can be neglected. (7) 若用公式来表示,欧姆定律可写成V=IR。 _, Ohms law can be written as V=IR. (8) 水能和许多物质结合形成水合物。 Water combines with many other substances, _. (9) 空气阻力随速度的增加而增加。 The resistance of air increases _. (10) 我们还比较了先前报道的有关金星的研 究成果。 Comparisons are also made _. (1) Hydrogen is the lightest element known. (2) The question remains unanswered. (3) Being small in size and light in weight, transistors have advantages over vacuum tubes. (4) Speed equals distance divided by time. (5) Voltage equals current multiplied by resistance. (6) Being very small, this force can be neglected. (7) Expressed in a formula, Ohms law can be written as V=IR. (8) Water combines with many other substances, therefore forming hydrate. (9) The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing speed. (10) Comparisons are also made with results previously reported for Venus. Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices simultaneously. With all of those devices in the same 10-meter radius, you might think theyd interfere with one another, but its unlikely. Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum frequency hopping that makes it rare for more than one device to be transmitting on the same frequency at the same time. In this technique, a device will use 79 individual , randomly chosen frequencies within a designated range, changing from one to another on a regular basis. In the case of Bluetooth, the transmitters change frequencies 1600 times every second, meaning that more devices can make full use of a limited slice of the radio spectrum. Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses spread-spectrum transmitting automatically, its unlikely that two transmitters will be on the same frequency at the same time. This same technique minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitor will disrupt Bluetooth devices, since any interference on a particular frequency will last only a tiny fraction of a second. 蓝牙可以同时与八个装置连接，所有这些装置都放 在半径10米的空间内，你也许以为它们会互相干扰，但其 实不会，这是因为蓝牙利用一种所谓展频跳频技术，这项 技术使蓝牙很少出现多个装置同时用相同频率发送信号的 情况。使用这种技术时，某一个装置在规定的范围内能使 用79个独立的随机挑选的频率，它们经常相互转换。就蓝 牙来说，发射器每秒变频1600次， 也就是说，更多的装置 可以更充分利用射电频谱中有限的一小块。由于每个蓝牙 发射器使用射电频谱自动发射信号，所以两个发射器在同 一时间使用同一频率是不太可能的。这个展频跳频家属还 降低了手机或婴儿监控器干扰蓝牙装置信号的风险，这是 因为某个频率上的任何干扰都只持续极短时间，仅千分或 万分之一秒。 名词化结构 名词化的定义和构成 名词化结构在论文标题中的应用 名词化结构用来表述概念 名词化结构起语篇衔接作用 多个名词连用作前置修饰语 名词化的定义和构成 所谓名词化，是把动词或形容词通过一定 的方式（如加前缀、词性转化等）转换为 名词的做法。 最常见的动词名词化后缀是-ing, -tion, -ment 最常见的形容词名词化后缀是-ability, -ity, -ness。 使用名词化结构造句，实际上是用短语替 代一个句子所要表达的内容。在有些情况 下，利用名词化结构，不仅可把两个句子 合而为一，使复杂句变成简单句，而且可 把更多的信息合成一体，使得彼此的逻辑 关系更明确，表达形式更简洁和细密。名 词化结构因为是省略了施事者的隐喻句， 给人更直接、客观的印象。名词化是科技 英语的典型特征之一。 如：If direct and safe transport means are provided for them and the quality