简版病态自恋问卷的发展.ppt

Development of a Brief Version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory 简版病态自恋问卷的发展 Abstract With theoretical and empirical interest in narcissism growing, there is a need for brief measures of pathological narcissism that can be used more practically while assessing the construct comprehensively. Data from four samples (total N = 3,851) collected across two separate research groups and representing undergraduate, community, and clinical populations were used to establish the reliability, validity, and utility of the Brief-Pathological Narcissism Inventory (B-PNI). Item response theory（潜在特质理论） and confirmatory factor analyses（验证性因 素分析） were used to determine the best-performing 28 items from the original PNI and ensure that the B-PNI exhibited a factor structure consistent with the original PNI. Items were retained for all seven pathological narcissism facet scales. Additional results also support the criterion validity （效标效度） of the B-PNI, suggesting that it can be used in place of the original PNI to assess the various facets of pathological narcissism effectively and without loss of information, which may enhance the ability of researchers to investigate pathological narcissism in future work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved). For a variety of reasons, research on pathological narcissism was rather limited for quite some time (see Morey Ronningstam, 2009). Indeed, a substantial amountof previous research has relied on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin del Rosario Vater et al., 2013). Our goal was to develop a brief but sound measure of pathological narcissism at the facet level, as it is theorized to be a multi-componential and rather heterogeneous construct (e.g., Cain et al., 2008). Given its demonstrated utility, we used the PNI as a basis for our work. Using data from four samples and collected by two separate research groups, we (a) determined which items on the PNI ought to be retained on a brief measure, (b)explored the Brief-PNIs(B-PNIs) factor structure, (c) examined the B-PNIs associations with theoretically relevant external correlates, with reference to those exhibited by the full PNI. Method ParticipantsParticipants Sample 1. Sample 1. Participants in Sample 1 were 2,862 adult college students (57.3% female; M age = 19.4 years SD = 1.8) at a large university in the Northeastern United States who completed an online survey in exchange for course credit. The majority of participants identified as White (84.5%), followed by Asian (6.3%), Black (4.4%),and Latino (3.8%). Sample 2. Sample 2. Participants in Sample 2 were 348 community members (73.9% female) from a large Midwestern city who participated in a larger project on personality in health- and risk-related behavior. Age of participants ranged from 18 to 84 years (M age = 28.7 years SD = 13.1). The majority of participants (68.4%) identified as White American, with 12.6% Asian American, 6.6% African American, 3.4% multiracial, 2.9% Hispanic/Latino or Latina, and 6.1% “other.” Sample 3.Sample 3. Participants in Sample 3 were 581 undergraduate introductory psychology students (47.5% female; M age = 19.0 years SD =1.7) at a large university in the Northeastern United States, all of whom received course credit. The sample was predominantly White American (89.6%), followed by 6.2% Asian American, 3.2% African American, 0.9% Native Hawaiian, and 0.1% Native American. Sample 4. Sample 4. Participants in Sample 4 were 60 patients (85.2% female; M age = 35.7 years SD = 12.0) recruited from a large rural community outpatient psychotherapy clinic in the Northeastern United States. The sample was predominantly White American (91.8%), followed by 4.9% African American, 1.6% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 1.6% describing themselves as “other.” Measures Narcissism Narcissism 自恋自恋. . Participants in all samples completed the 52-item PNI (Pincus et al., 2009). We calculated composite and facet scores, where Grandiosity （自我夸张） was composed of Exploitativeness （特权感） , Self-Sacrificing（自我牺牲） Self-Enhancement （自我提升）, and Grandiose Fantasy（夸大幻想）; Vulnerability（脆弱性） was composed of Contingent Self- Esteem（条件自尊）, Hiding the Self（自我隐藏）, Devaluing（贬低）, and Entitlement Rage（特权愤怒） (Wright, Lukowitsky, Pincus, Watson “Heart was pounding or racing”) that are rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, Sample 2 completed the Self-Report Psychopathy(SRP-II) scale（精神病态自我报告量表） (Hare, Harpur , limited socially responsive emotion),Disinhibition (impulsive and irresponsible behavior),and Fearlessness (reckless behavior and thrill seeking). Whereas the interpersonal and coldheartedness factors are representative of features of Factor 1 psychopathy, disinhibition and fearlessness are more representative of Factor 2 psychopathy. Criterion-Related Validity Evidence for the B-PNI To begin establishing criterion validity, we examined the associations of B-PNI scores with those of other narcissism measures, self-conscious emotions, and some relevant clinical concerns (see Table 2).4 First, as expected, Grandiosity （自我夸张） was positively associated（正相关） with the NPI-16 in all samples, with the strongest associations for Exploitativeness（特权感） (rs.34 .51). However, Self-Sacrificing（自我牺牲） Self- Enhancement（自我提升） was generally not significantly associated with the NPI-16, although it loads on PNI/B-PNI Grandiosity. Furthermore, Entitlement Rage（特权愤怒） was significantly positively associated with the NPI-16 in three samples, although it contributes to PNI/B-PNI Vulnerability. That said, Vulnerability（脆弱性） showed expected positive associations with the HSNS. In fact, all facets but Exploitativeness（特权感） were significantly associated with the HSNS in Sample 2, and all but Exploitativeness and Devaluing（贬低 ） were associated with the HSNS in Sample 4. Given pathological narcissisms relevance to other psychological problems, we then examined the B-PNIs associations with anhedonic depression, anxious arousal, and features of psychopathy. As expected, B-PNI Vulnerability and its facets were positively associated with both anhedonia（快感缺乏） and anxious arousal（焦虑唤醒）. Grandiose Fantasy was also associated with both of these outcomes, and Grandiosity（自我夸张） and Exploitativeness （特权感） were additionally positively associated with anxious arousal. Consistent with expectations based on their shared nomological network, the B-PNI exhibited numerous significant positive associations with SRP-II psychopathy factors. Regarding Factor 1 traits, all B-PNI scores were positively associated with the SRP-II Interpersonal factor, and Exploitativeness （特权 感） and Entitlement Rage（特权愤怒） were positively associated with Coldheartedness （冷漠）(which was also unexpectedly negatively associated with Self-Sacrificing Self-Enhancement). Furthermore, regarding Factor 2 behaviors, all scales but Self-Sacrificing Self-Enhancement were positively associated with Disinhibition, whereas both composites and Exploitativeness, Grandiose Fantasy, Devaluing, and Entitlement Rage were positively associated with Fearlessness. Discussion Using data from four samples, we created a brief version of the PNI, reducing each of the PNI facet scales to four items. Scores for the resultant brief scales demonstrated adequate to good internal consistency（内部一致性）. Further analyses confirmed that the factor structure of the B-PNI is consistent with that of the full PNI, and the B-PNI exhibited associations with other measures of narcissism, self-conscious emotions, and features of depression, anxiety, and psychopathy that were generally consistent with theory and highly similar to the associations of the full PNI. The development of an informant-report version of the B-PNI would also aid in understanding the impact of narcissism both on the individual and on those who interact with him or her (e.g.,Lukowitsky we employed an advanced statistical approach (i.e., IRT), did not solely retain items with the highest interitem correlations(which could narrow content coverage), provided multiple measures of internal consistency, and performed CFAs to explore fidelity with the full PNI. Some additional limitations should also be mentioned. For one, given the nature of the measure we sought to develop, obtaining a larger clinical sample would have been preferable. Indeed, our only clinical sample (Sampl