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公共项目评价Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 项目评价的基本方法 净现值法(NPV, Net Present Value) 投资项目获得的现金流量净值。 内部收益率法(IRR, Internal Rate of Return) 净现值为0时的收益率。 投资回收期 收回投资的时间。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 现金流量 0123n-1nt 流入 inflow 流出 outflow 时,项目可行。 时,项目不可行。 当i=?时,NPV=0? Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 购买出租车的决策 小王想购买一辆出租车进行经营,预计相关的费用和收益如下,预计 该车一共可运行10年。请问,他购买这辆出租车可行吗?回报率是多 少?多长时间能回收投资?(假设当前的市场利率为5%) 购车 款8万 经营 拍照30万 每年的预期毛收入12万 每年的预期费用6万 如果不考虑资金的时间价值,那么利润为22万,6年4个月收回投资。 NPV=8.33万,8年收回投资。 IRR=9% 这是一项有利可图的投资。经营拍照的价格会上升。或者,降低出租车的 资费。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 私人项目和公共项目的成本收益分析 私人项目 净现值=私人收益-私人成本 公共项目 净现值=直接收益+间接收益-(直接成本+间接成本) Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 公共项目评价的困难 存在外部性 正的外部性外在收益 负的外部性外在成本 难以准确衡量公共项目的成本和收益 缺乏收费的技术手段 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 外部性 那条梁滩河、生产所造成的环境污染 大型公共工程:三峡、三门峡 社区养狗 小区安装太阳能热水器 交通拥挤 煤炭的价格 GDP增长中的外部性 外部性是一种未计入的成本,原因在于计量的成本很高、权利界定的 不清楚等。因此,通常我们所说的经济增长和环境保护之间存在矛盾 的说法是错误的,外部性内部化恰恰不是阻碍了经济增长,而是更加 准确的衡量经济增长,帮助市场更好的发挥作用。 社会效益与经济效益的矛盾,原因在于正外部性,无法向获得社会效 益的人收费。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 边际个人成本MPC中已经包含了 个人受到的外部性的影响。 这一外部性还会对他人产生负面 影响。 该经济将会在MPC=MPB的地方进行生产,导致相对于最优水平而言过多的产 品。 消费者获得的剩余:FCG 厂商获得的剩余:GCHE,厂商和消费者获得的总福利:FACHEGF 受到外部性影响的人得到的福利:-DABCHE,这部分福利,被消费者占取了一 部分,被厂商占取了一部分,无谓地损失了一部分。 因此,社会的总福利为;FAD-ABC A B C MPC MPB MSC D E F G H Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三门峡、张光斗和黄万里Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 大型水利工程的成本收益 效益成本 有形 直接水力发电 建筑、设备 及维修费 、移民 间接 航行、灌溉、防洪 、娱乐 (游泳) 水库淹没土地、消失物 种、破坏生态平衡 无形 直接 政治意义、当地居 民的和外界接触机 会增加 文物古迹的破坏 间接 当地居民后代的受 益 对生态、地质的间接 影响 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 机会成本 任何资源都是稀缺的,并且都是有多种用途的。 当某种资源用于此一用途,而丧失了在其他用途 上所能获得的最大收益,即为该资源用于此一用 途的机会成本。 任何一个公共项目的成本,不仅仅是其投入的总 成本,还要加上这笔投入用在其他项目上所获得 的收益。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 会计成本和经济成本 会计成本 生产中的实际耗费,帐面成本,没有考虑机会 成本,没有考虑平均利润,没有考虑努力水平 。 虚假的成本。 经济成本 资源的真正价值。 只有市场中充分的竞争才能发现经济成本。 真正的成本。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 影子价格 在评价投资项目时,对没有价格或价格明 显不当的商品和服务规定的一个替代性价 格。 劳动的价格、生命的价格 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 生命的重量 山西煤老板真相 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 伦敦市拥塞收费Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 开始于2003年2月17日;市中心,21平方公里,5 星期一到星期五,7am6:30pm 免缴和折扣 自动免费: 摩托车、机动脚踏两用车和自行车;有伦敦执照的出租车和(经公共客车部门批 准的)迷你出租车;紧急服务车辆;NHS车辆;残疾人士使用的车辆;达载残 疾人的车辆(入电话叫车服务);经许可的9座或9座以上的公共汽车。 经注册后免费 电力驱动的车辆;符合严格排放标准的特定代用燃料车辆;抢修救援车辆 居住在收费区内的居民可以得到90%的折扣 付款方式 自助服务(35%)、电话(20%)、互联网(25%)、手机短信(19%) 、邮寄(1%) 监督:自动号码牌照识别技术(automatic number plate recognition technology, ANPR) 惩罚 行驶当日晚10点到午夜12点之间缴费:5+5 行驶当日午夜12点之前没有缴费:80,14日内交付罚款,40 28日内没有交付罚款:120 未交付的罚款单累计三张及以上:车辆被禁止行驶,直至缴清所有款项。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 拥塞收费区 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 进出收费区的标志 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 付费处 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 照相机监视 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 狭窄的市中心街道繁忙的地铁 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 一些基本数据 收费区的面积为21平方公里,占伦敦总面积的1.3%。174个进出口,车速 为12.9千米/小时,同100年前相当。收费区的交通状况的糟糕程度是英国 其他城市平均水平的六倍。 每日早晨高峰期7am-10am,超过100万人进入市中心,大约85%乘坐公共 交通工具。每天,6400辆巴士达载480万乘客通过600多条线路穿越城市。 每日7am-6.30pm,大约250,000辆车辆450,000次穿过收费区,早晨高峰 期每小时大约有40,000辆车进入收费区。 在市中心行驶的司机每行驶一公里要延误2.3分钟,一半的时间花在排队上 。 203个照相机对进入收费区的车辆进行记录,准确率可达90%。 预计收费可减少车流量约10-15%,减少堵塞20-30%,使车流达到学校放 暑假的水平。 收费区内大约有40,000个家庭拥有车辆,1/3的家庭认为他们从未在收费期 开车。 收费会导致每日大约20,000人转乘公共交通工具,增加大约2%,相当于每 一节地铁车厢增加1人。 10年中收费将筹资13亿英镑,它们将用于改善伦敦的公共交通设施。 一年后,72%的公司认为收费是成功的,14%的公司认为是失败的。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 收费前后收费区堵塞程度的变化 2.3min/km1.7min/km Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 车速的变化 17km/h13km/h Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 环路的堵塞情况变化 1.91.6 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 驶离收费区道路的拥塞状况变化 1.5min/km 1.2min/km Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 市中心商户对收费的总体感觉 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 进入收费区的车辆数目变化 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 进入和离开收费区的车辆数变化 以上资料来自:Impacts monitoring: Second Annual Report, April 2004, TfL Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 受益者和受损者 受益者受损者 公共汽车乘客 中转乘客 的士司机和乘客 摩托车手 市中心的大多数商业人士 步行者和自行车 整体城市的生产力 周边地区的步行者和 居民(溢出效应) 市中心停车场 63.9%36.1% Source: Georgina Santos, 2003, The London Congestion Charging Scheme, presentation at DAE, Cambridge Todd Litman, 2004, London Congestion Pricing Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 年成本金额(百万英镑) FfL的管理和其他费用5 运行费用(如自动车牌识别系统)90 增加的公共汽车成本20 车主增加的成本(如打电话付费)15 总成本130 年收益 轿车和的士的时间节 省(商业用户)75 轿车和的士的时间节 省(个人用户)40 商业车辆 的时间节 省20 公共汽车乘客的时间节 省20 轿车、的士和商业车辆 的可靠性收益10 公共汽车乘客的可靠性收益10 车辆燃料节省10 交通事故节省15 由于转乘公共交通工具给乘客造成的损失-20 合计180 净年收益50 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 反对的声音 某些商业活 动 溢出效应 公正 经济效率 侵犯隐私 系统的准确 性 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile
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