高一数学必修二间空几何体.ppt

Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 高中数学必修2 1.1空间几何体的结构 第一课时 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 在小学、初中，我们学习了哪些平面图 形？说出它们的名称。 矩形 平行四边形 梯形三角形 正方形 六边形圆 v本章所说的多边形，一般包括它内部的 平面部分。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 学习过哪些几何体？Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 知识探究（一）：空间几何体的类型 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 观察下面的图片, 这些图片中的物体具有怎 样的形状?我们如何描述它们的形状? 如果我们只考虑物体的形状和大小，而不考虑其它因素 ，那由这些物体抽象出来的空间图形就叫空间几何体。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 观察下列图片，思考这些图片中的物体在几 何中分别叫什么。 若要把这些几何体分为四类，可以怎样分？ 思考1： Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 柱体、椎体、台体、球体。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 一类 二类 二类 二类 二类 二类 二类 二类二类 一类一类一类一类 一类 一类一类 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 如果将这些几何体分为两类，你认为可以怎么分？ “一类”有何共同特点？ 组成几何体的每个面都是平面图形，并且都是平面 多边形。 “二类”有何共同特点？ 组成几何体的面不全是平面图形。 思考2： Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 多面体 一般地，我们把由若干个平面多边形围成的几 何体叫做多面体。 围成多面体的各个多边形叫做多面 体的面， 棱 顶点 AB C D 面 棱与棱的公共点叫做 多面体的顶点， 定义 相邻两个面的公共边叫做多 面体的棱， Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 旋转体 我们把由一个平面图形绕它所在平面内的一条定 直线旋转所形成的封闭几何体叫做旋转体. 这条定直线叫做旋转体的轴. 轴 A B O Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 多面体 棱 柱 棱 锥 棱台 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 旋转体 圆柱 圆锥 圆台 球 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 知识探究（二）：棱柱的结构特征 1、棱柱的定义 思考1：观察并思考棱柱结构特征，给棱柱下一个 定义。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 有两个面互相平行，其余各面都是四边 形，每相邻两个四边形的公共边都互相 平行，由这些面围成的多面体叫做棱柱. 1、有两个面平行 2、其余各面都是平行四边形 3、每相邻两个四边形的公共边互相平行。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 课堂练习: 1. 下面的几何体中，哪些是棱柱？ Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 思考2：有两个面互相平行，其余各面都 是平行四边形的多面体一定是棱柱吗？ 每相邻两个四边形的公共边都互相平行！ Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 棱柱中两个互相平行的面叫做棱柱的底面， 其余各面叫做棱柱的侧面，相邻侧面的公共 边叫做棱柱的侧棱，侧面与底面的公共顶点 叫做棱柱的顶点.你能指出下面棱柱的底面、 侧面、侧棱、顶点吗？ 侧面 顶点 侧棱底面 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 思考3：类比多边形的分类法，你能对棱 柱进行分类吗？ A B C D E A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 A B C A1 B1 C1 AB CD A1 B1 C1 D1 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2、棱柱的分类： 棱柱的底面可以是三角形、四边形、五边形 、 我们把这样的棱柱分别叫做三棱柱、 四棱柱、五棱柱、 底面是几边形对应的就是几棱柱。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3、棱柱的表示法 用平行的两底面多边形的字母表示棱 柱,如：棱柱ABC- A1B1C1 。 A B C A1 B1 C1 A B C D E A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 AB CD A1 B1 C1 D1 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 思考4：一个n棱柱分别有多少个底面和侧面 ？有多少条侧棱？有多少个顶点？ 三棱柱 四棱柱五棱柱六棱柱n棱柱 底面 侧侧面 侧侧棱 顶顶点 22222 3 n 654 345 n 6 2n 121086 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 小结 一、知识： 1、空间几何体的两种基本类型：多面体、旋转体 ； 2、多面体、旋转体的概念； 3、棱柱的概念； 4、棱柱的分类及其表示； 二、数学思想方法：类比。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1.下列图形中，不是多面体的是（ ） ABCD 2.由所给矩形绕直线l旋转一周形成的封闭几 何体是下图的（ ） 达标测评 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3.下面的几何体中，哪些是多面体（ ） A. B. C. D. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Cr