命题分析之说明.ppt

命题分析 年份题目 内容 体裁 2010 Should College Students Hire Cleaners? 社会（生活 态度） 议论文 2009 Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment? 社会（旅游 与环保） 议论文 2008 The Benefits of Volunteering社会（慈善 义举） 说明文 2007 Is It Wise to Make Friends Online? 社会（社会 时尚） 议论文 2006 Saving Money or Spending Tomorrows Money? 价值观（生 活态度） 议论文 2005 My Idea of a University Arts Festival 学校（课外 活动） 说明文 2004 Will Phone Kill Letter Writing? 社会（新老 交锋） 议论文 年份题目 内容 体裁 2003 The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood 人生观（心 理素质） 说明文 2002 The Best Way to Stay Healthy 人生观（心 理健康） 说明文 2001 Travel Broadens the Mind社会（社会 时尚） 说明文 2000 The Importance of Extracurricular Activities 学） 说明文 1999 A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising on Television 社会（社会 现象） 说明文 n1. 采用对比选择型命题方式的作文最多， 有5个。 n1999年，A/B型（2004年，2006年，2009 年），Yes/No型（2007） n2. 采用给定观点命题方式的作文，有4个 n2000，2001，2003，2008 n3. 采用自由发挥型命题方式的作文，有2 个 n2002，2005 说明文 n1. 定义 n解说事物、阐明事理，即用言简意赅的文字 ，把事物的形状、性质、特征、成因、关系 、功能等解释清楚。 n2. 说明的方法 n概括说明：对事物作简明扼要的说明，即概 括介绍事物的特征。 n例如：Friends play a very important role in everyones life. Almost everyone has some life-long friends. n定义说明。下定义的语言要求科学严谨，指 出事物本质，必须用肯定判断句。 n例如：A friend is a person who shares the same feelings of natural liking and understanding, the same interest, etc. n分类说明：把说明的对象按照一定的标准划 分成不同的类别，分成若干类或若干方面来 说明。 n例如：Friends can be divided into two kinds: true friends and superficial friends. A true friend is a person whowhile a superficial one is n举例说明：举出事例来说明事物，好处在于 能把比较抽象、复杂的事物或事理说得具体 而明晰。 n例如：Some selective courses have been offered this term. An Introduction to Chinese Traditional Culture, for example, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of Chinese philosophy, literature, and arts. n比较说明：用比较的方法说明事物的特征。 nA/B nA1,A2,A3-B1,B2,B3 nA1,B1/A2,B2/A3/B3 比较性说明文的模式 n一.模式1 n第一段:引言句(现象或事实陈述法),引出要比 较的两个事物(A与B)，用一句话表达自己的 观点（观点要明确，不可模棱两可） n第二段：段落主题句承接首段中的观点，并 对本段内容加以限定。 n比较之一：指出A的优点之一，用拓展句加以 说明。通过转折指出B的缺点，用拓展句加以 说明。 n比较之二：指出A 的优点之二，用拓展句 加以说明。通过转折指出B的缺点，用拓展 句加以说明。 n第三段：得出比较结论，注意首尾观点一 致。 Television as a Better Source of News nAmong the three mass-media television, newspaper and radio, I regard television as a better source of news. nMy statement that television is a better source of news is based on the following two reasons. The first reason is that television can report news more quickly. We can get the news at the same time when something is happening or immediately after something happened. While newspapers can only offer the news that happened a day or two days ago. nThe second reason is that television can report news more vividly and impressively. With sounds and pictures on the TV, we can be deeply impressed by the news as if we were personally on the spot. But when we try to get news from the newspaper, we have to concentrate our mind on the lines and use our imagination to form a concrete image, which is always tiresome and time-consuming. nAccording to the above mentioned reasons, we can easily draw a conclusion that television is really a better source of news. n二. 模式2： n如果作文要求比较两个事物的主要不同之处 ，可用下列结构 n第一段： n引言句（一般用现象陈述法，提问法），引 出要比较的两个事物；主题句指出两个事物 存在着明显的差异或两个事物的不同特点。 n第二段：直接评述A事物的主要特点，用拓 展句加以说明；指出B事物的主要特点，用 拓展句加以说明。 n第三段：通过比较得出倾向性的结论，表明 作者的态度。 nThe Main Difference between Exam- oriented Education and Quality- oriented Education nEducation in China used to be exam- oriented one. But with the development of education reform, quality-oriented education is stressed again and again. So there rises a question: What is the main difference between these two? nAccording to my own understanding, exam-oriented education focuses on students ability of passing examinations of different levels. This education is to test the students command of knowledge they have obtained from the textbooks. So examination results are the only criterion which is used to evaluate the students whether they are “excellent” ones or “bad” ones. nHowever, quality-oriented education focuses on students various qualities, including academic quality, moral quality, cultural quality, most important, their individual personality potentialities. The main purpose of this education is to bring students practical potentialities into full play. Quality- oriented education can teach students how to face difficulties and solve problems independently. nFrom the above comparison between exam-oriented education and quality- oriented education, we find that the latter one is superior. So it is time for our universities and colleges to bring quality -oriented education into students daily life. n解释性说明文模式 n该模式用于解释一种社会现象或某种问题。 n第一段：用引言句（现象表述法、提问法） 引出某一现象或问题。 n第二段：段首句（宜可视作主题句）承上启 下，对本段内容加以限定。 n用固定句式（For one thing）引出造成这 一问题或现象的原因之一，用拓展句加以具 体说明。 n第三段：在结论段中，提出建议，展望或解 决方法。 nTeenage Smoking Soars nIt is reported that in the past ten years China has experienced an alarming increase in teenage smoking: about 28% teenagers are puffing at cigarettes. n nThe factors for a great increase in teenage smoking are both external and internal. For one thing, with the improvement of living standard, teenagers have more pocket money to get access to cigarettes. And with so many cigarette advertisements around them, teenagers are easily lured. For another, teenagers begin to smoke just out of curiosity. They have a strong desire to experience the pleasure of smoking as some adults do. They have a subconscious feeling that smoking will make them “mature” and “cool”. nIt has been a common recognition that teenage smoking has to be prevented. The whole society may conduct a more extensive campaign to make them aware of the importance of giving up smoking. 因果分析型 因果分析型的论说文也可称为“For- Against”型 主要是对有争议的主题发表议论，要求考生确 定 自己的看法后，说明自己的理由加以论证。这 也 是各类考试最常见的一种题型。 如1994年的考题: TV: A Good Thing or a Bad Thing? n 1994年有考生立论说：“TV has two sides- the dark side and the bright side”, 然后分别 从两个方面一一列举，最后结论是 “TV is neither a good thing nor a bad thing in itself, but it depends on how we use it.” 这就不如干 脆选择“TV is a good thing”, 然后从提供 “entertainment” “information”两