what 的特殊用法及that的区别.doc

What = the thing that 1. ”的事(物)” 2. 充当成分一、表示“的人”,相当于“the person that.”。如: 1.He is not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。2.Who is it that has made Fred what he is now?是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这样一个人的?二、表示“的地方”,相当于“the place that.”。如:1.This is what they call Salt Lake City.这就是他们称作盐湖城的地方。2.What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world.现在是北部撒哈拉沙漠的地方曾是一个文明世界。三、表示“的数目”,相当于“the amount / number that.”。如:1.Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍。2.The number of the students in our school has reached as many as 20,000, ten times what it was before liberation.现在我校学生多达2万人,是解放前的十倍。what的这种特殊含义可以根据句子的意思在翻译时灵活处理,不可千篇一律。再如:1. Shenzhen is no longer what it was in the past.深圳不再是过去那样子了。(what=the city that)2. The color of the flower is different from what it was in the morning.花朵的颜色与早晨的不同。(what=the color that)很明显,文章开头那道高考题的答案what相当于“the time that”,表示“的时间”。另外,what前面的after为介词,并非连词。巩固练习:1. She has changed a lot. Shes no longer _she used to be.A. that B. what C. which D. 不填2. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in_is now part of the United States.A. which B. that C. all D. what3. No longer_Tom the man_he used to be.A. will; what B. was; what C. will; that D. is; what4. What has made China_she is today?A. that B. what C. as D. which5. The number of the students of the college has reached 8,000,twice _ it was when the college was opened ten years ago.A. what B. as much C. which D. that Key: 15 BDDBA从一道高考题看what和that引导名词性从句时的差别 阳光校园 1998年全国高考上海英语试题中有这样一道考题：_caused the accident is still a complite mystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.How D.Where该题的正确答案是A。很显然，本题是为了考查学生是否掌握了what与that的实际含义及引导名词性从句时的用法差异而设定的。那what和that在引导名词性从句时究竟有怎样的差别呢？一、what当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句（不可引导同位语从句）；它本身在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。1.what 表示“所以的（事）”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that；all that；thatwhich；everything that；等。例如：1)Leave it with me and Ill see what I can do.(what引导宾语从句并作do的宾语)2)What you have done might do harm to other people.(what引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语)3)What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.(what引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语)4)What is most important in life isnt money.(what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语)5)But wait till you see what well make for you to your own measure.(what引导宾语从句并在从句中作宾语)6)What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.(what引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语)2.What 表示“所的(人)”意思，相当于“the person that”等。例如：1)He is not what he used to be.他已不是从前的他了。(what引导表语从句并在从句中作表语)2)She is no longer what she was five years ago.(what引导表语从句并在从句中作表语)二、that 当that用作连接词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，that在从句中既不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不可省略（宾语从句除外）。若从句置于句子后面，代词it作形式主语。例如：1)It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.(that引导主语从句)2)It is a fact that Chinese is accepted as an international language.(that引导主语从句)3)Can you believe (that)in such a rich country there should be so many poor people?(that引导宾语从句)4)Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it themselves.(that引导宾语从句)5)We heard the news that our team had won.(that引导同位语从句)6)Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost.(that引导表语从句)7)But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people,not just the government.(that引导表语从句) 31. We are counting on it that you will come. 该句型中的it是一个形式宾语，表示模糊意思或代替后面that 引导的宾语从句。因为在这个句型中的谓语动词都是需要跟宾语的，但又不能直接跟从句作宾语，于是就得在从句前加上一个形式宾语it。常见的短语和动词有：count on (依靠，指望，期盼), see to(负责), depend on (依靠),rely on(信赖，依靠), look forward to (盼望),等。1 We are counting on it that you will come. 我们一直盼望着你来。2 You may rely on it that she wont be late. 你也许指望她不会迟到。3 Ill see to it that everything is ready. 我将负责把一切都准备好。4 They are looking forward to it that Mis Li will come back from the USA.还有一些动词只能跟it + that从句而不能跟复合宾语。I like it that .I take it that he approves. 认为，猜想love, hate, take, like so that与so. that.so that引导目的状语从句时意为“以便，使能够”，从句里的谓语动词前要加上may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词。例如： 1) He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.为了赶上早班车，他起得很早。 2) He turned down the radio so that it wouldnt disturb his neighbours. 他把收音机声音关小了，这样就不会打扰邻居们了。 3) The thief hid behind the tree so that the policeman would not see him. 那个盗贼躲在树后，为的是不让警察看见他。 so that 也可引导结果状语从句，意为“因此，所以”，谓语动词前没有情态动词。此外，表示结果的so that 从句和主句之前常有逗号出现。例如： 1) He often told lies, so that no one believed him. 他经常撒谎，因此没有人相信他。 2) It was very cold, so that the river froze. 天很冷，河水都结冰了。 3) I didnt have enough money at that time so that I didnt buy the book. 那个时候我的钱不够，结果就没买那本书。 在表示“如此以至于”的意思时用so.that.句型。so+形容词或副词+that .引导结果状语从句如: 1) There were so many people in the hall that it was very crowded. 大厅里人很多，很拥挤。 2) She has so much money that she doesnt know how to spend it. 她钱多得都不知道该怎么花 了。 3)He ran so fast that I was unable to catch him. 高中英语必修2 Unit 2 单元练习1. II. 单词拼写1. You cannot c_ with others in the job market if you dont have a special skill.2. The reporter tried to i_ more people to collect more information.3. The newspaper has lots of a_, which help us to find a good job.4. The suspect(嫌疑人) a _ his crime to the police.5. He is an h_ person. You can believe in him.6. The boy made a _(诺言) to his parents about his plans.7. The family has many _(亲戚) in Canada.8. The _(有魔力的) tools are popular with young children.alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。 如： This is a live(=living) fish.(=This is a fish alive.) 这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用） Whos the greatest man alive(=living man)? 谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live） The fish is still alive(=living) 那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）。 living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。而且，作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；作比喻义（如“活像。”、“活生生的”等）解时，要用living。 如： The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语，不用living） 那位敌方军官被活捉了。 We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living） He is the living image of his father.(比喻义，不用alive） 他活象他父亲。 只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”，作主语时，视作复数。 如： The living are more important to us than the dead. 活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。 (2) lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定语或标语；但它没有“活着的”意思，而其他三个都有。 如： Young children are usually lively. 小孩子们通常是活泼的。 He told a very lively story. 他讲了一个生动的故事。lovely，alive，living，live，lively的区别 1)lovely意为“可爱的”“美好的”。如：a lovely day，a lovely girl2)alive意为“活着的、有活力的”，是表语形容词，可修饰人或物；在句中做表语、宾补或后置定语，不能用作前置定语。如：He was alive when he was taken to the hospital.他被送往医院时还活着。Although he is old, he is still very much alive.虽然年老了，但他仍十分活跃。The fish is still alive/living.那条鱼还活着。Keep him alive, please.请让他活下去吧。He is the only man alive in the accident.他是事故中唯一活着的人。After the war,he remained alive.战后他还活着。Those alive will gather here.活着的人将在此相聚。3)living意为“活着的、有生命的”，主要用于作前置定语及冠词the之后，表示一类人，也可用作表语，可修饰人或物。如：a living plant活的植物The living will go on with the work of the dead.活着的人将继续死者的工作。all living things所有生物the living在世者，活着的人们Latin is not a living language.拉丁语不是现代使用的语言。He is still living at the age of 95.95岁了他还活着。4)livelaiv(1)(动、植物)“活的”“有生命的”“活生生的”，主要用来说鸟或其他动物，作前置定语；如：a live fish一条活鱼；a live tiger一只活老虎(2)实况的、现场直播的。如：a live report现场报道；a live show/broadcast/TV program现场转播的表演/实况广播/现场直播的电视节目living有精神的，活泼的，快活的，轻快的Her grandfather is still living at the age of 93.她爷爷已经93岁了，仍然健在。5)lively意为活泼的、有生气的、生动的。“生动的”可用作表语、定语，指人或物。如：a lively child活泼的孩子a lively description生动的描述a lively mind活跃的头脑；a lively discussion热烈的讨论；a way of making ones classes lively使课堂生动的方法He told a lively story about his life in Africa.他讲述了一个有关他的非洲生活的生动故事。Young children are usually lively.年轻人通常很活泼。4)livelaiv(1)(动、植物)“活的”“有生命的”“活生生的”，主要用来说鸟或其他动物，作前置定语；如：a live fish一条活鱼；a live tiger一只活老虎(2)实况的、现场直播的。如：a live report现场报道；a live show/broadcast/TV program现场转播的表演/实况广播/现场直播的电视节目2)alive意为“活着的、有活力的”，是表语形容词，可修饰人或物；在句中做表语、宾补或后置定语，不能用作前置定语。如：The fish is still alive/living.那条鱼还活着。Keep him alive, please.请让他活下去吧。He is the only man alive in the accident.他是事故中唯一活着的人。After the war,he remained alive.战后他还活着。My job is raising pigs. I am raising pigs.in the way挡道,碍事; on the way在途中, 接近 Get out of my way. You are in the/my way. on the/ones way 经常后面加to 去.的路上Im on my way to school. Im on my way home.独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：1) 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。2） 表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。3） 表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。4） 表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)常见的独立主格结构有如下几种： 1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。 4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 7. There being +名词（代词）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。8. It being +名词（代词）如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。使用独立主格五点注意：1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2)在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5.表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。独立主格结构妙题赏析请看下面一道题：Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。请再看一个类似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. this D. that(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。再请看下面一例：(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：(1) There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners.A. which B. them C. whom D. that(2) There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners.A. which B. whom C. who D. that(3) There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners.A. which B. them C. whom D. that1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。 4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如： He put on his sweater， wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 7. There being +名词（代词）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。8. It being +名词（代词）如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。(1) There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners.A. which B. them C. whom D. that(2) There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners.A. which B. whom C. who D. that(3) There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners.A. which B. them C. whom D. that(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. this D. that(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that2. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster_if a mirror was broken. A. was sure of stri