语法(代词、介词、副词、时态和句子)总结.docx

（一）代词1.人称代词2.物主代词3.反身代词强调的是某人自己，共有8个：myself我自己，ourselves我们自己，yourself你自己，yourselves你们自己，himself他自己，herself她自己，itself它自己，themselves他们自己。4.疑问代词5.指示代词6.不定代词（1） some表示“一些，某些，某个” ，any表示“一些，任何” 。some 多用于肯定句中，any多用于否定句和疑问句中。（2） both指两者“都” ；all指三者及三者以上“都” 。（3） few 和 little 也是表示数量的不定代词，为否定含义，都有“几乎没有”的意思。few后面接可数名词，little 后面接不可数名词。a few 和 a little也是表示数量的不定代词，为肯定含义，都有“少数、少量”的意思。a few 后面接可数名词，a little 后面接不可数名词。（4）many 和 much 都是表示数量的不定代词，都有“许多、大量”的意思。much 后面接不可数名词，many后面接可数名词。（二）介词用法：口诀1: 年月周前要用in， 日子前面却不行。 遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午， 用on换in才能行。口诀2: in在里，out在外，在旁边的是beside，靠近的为by 。 on在上， under在下，above在上头， below在底下。口诀3:早、午、晚要用in ，in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午I n the evening 在晚上in the day 在白天 黎明、午、夜、点与分用at ，at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午 at night 在夜间 at six oclock 在6点钟 at 7：30 在7点半 年、月、年月、季节、周用in。 in 1986 在1986年 in April 在四月 in December 1986 1986年12月 in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 口诀4：小处at大处in 口诀5：阳光、灯、衣、冒 in，即在阳光下，在灯下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用 in。 in the sunlight 在阳光下，in the light 在灯光下， in the rain 在雨中， the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女， in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋口诀6：将来时态 in 以后 例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。口诀7：工具用with,交通工具用by,语言用in。He cut the cake with a knife. My mother goes to work by bus. She can speak in Japanese口诀8：into从外向里，out of从里向外，up向上，down向下，河流马路表面通过用across,森林隧道里面通过用through。（三）动词时态时态时态意义与动词主语动词形式常用时间肯定句否定句(特殊)疑问句一般现在时1.表示现在的状态。be动词三单isis not (疑问词) is +主语always,often, nowusually,sometimes,ever, never, in the morningin the afternoon,in the evening,at night,on Sunday,everyonce a week,twice a month,3 times a yearIamam not(疑问词)am+主语you,复areare not(疑问词)are+主语2. 表示经常性习惯性的动作、兴趣爱好或能力。情态动词所有主语can +Vcan not +V(疑问词)can +主语+Vmay +Vmay not +V(疑问词)may+主语+Vmust +Vmust not +V(疑问词)must+主语+Vshould +Vshould not +V(疑问词)should+主语+V行为动词三单Vsdoesnt +V(疑问词)does +主语+V非三单Vdont +V(疑问词)do +主语+V3.祈使句be无BeDont beBe quick. Dont be worried.行为无VDont +VListen to me. Dont push.4.感叹句What a mess! What a beautiful desert! What beautiful flowers!How beautiful! How beautiful the flower is! How beautiful the flowers are!一般过去时表示过去了的动作或状态。be动词单youwaswas not(疑问词) was +主语yesterday,this morning,before that,last复+youwerewere not(疑问词)were+主语行为所有主语Veddidnt +V(疑问词)did +主语+V现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。行为动词三单is +Vingis not +Ving(疑问词) is +主语+Vingnow,Listen!Look!WheresIam +Vingam not +Ving(疑问词)am+主语+Vingyou,复are +Vingare not +Ving(疑问词)are+主语+Ving过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作。行为单youwas +Vingwas not +Ving(疑问词)was+主语+Vingyesterdaythis morningat that timeat nine 复+youwere +Vingwere not +Ving(疑问词)were+主语+Ving一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状态。1be所有主语will+ bewont+ be(疑问词)will+主语+ betomorrow,this evening,later,in a minute,after that,next行为Will+ Vwont +V(疑问词)Will+主语+ V2行为动词三单is going to+Vis not going to+V(疑问词)is+主语going to+VIam going to+Vam not going to+V(疑问词)am+主语going to+Vyou,复are going to+Vare not going to+V(疑问词)are+主语going to+V（四）句式变换的方法陈述句改否定句改一般疑问句划线部分提问1句子中有be动词is,am, are，was,were的：在be动词is,am, are,was,were后面加上not：将be动词is,am, are,was,were放在句子前面：用相应的疑问词替换划线部分提问，再写is,am, are,was,were1.Im ten.2.They are red.3.Its nine oclock.4. She was at home.5.They were crying.Im not ten.They arent red.Its not nine oclock. She wasnt at home. They werent crying.Are you ten?Are they red?Is it nine oclock?Was she at home?Were they crying?How old are you?What color are they?What time is it?Where was she?What were they doing?2句子中有情态动词的：在情态动词后面加上not:将在情态动词放在句子前面：用相应的疑问词替换划线部分提问，再写再写情态动词She can draw.She cant draw.Can she draw?What can she do?3句子中只有行为动词的：在行为动词前加dont, doesnt,didnt被帮的动词用原形：在句子前面加助动词do, does，didnt被帮的动词用原形：用相应的疑问词替换划线部分提问，再加助动词do, does，didnt被帮的动词用原形：I like pears.He likes ants.Ben has a bike.Lisa got a puppy.I dont like pears.He doesnt like ants.Ben doesnt have a bike.Lisa didnt get a puppy.Do you like pears?Does he like ants?Does Ben have a bike?Did Lisa get a puppy?What do you like?What does he like?Who has a bike?(注意)What did Lisa get?（五）形容词和副词（1）形容词的位置：名词前（an interesting book）、系动词后（Mary is tall.）、make/keep sb./sth. +形容词（2）副词的位置：用 法例 句修饰动词I dont speak English well.修饰形容词 Reading is very important.修饰副词He didnt run fast enough.（3）形容词的比较级和最高级变化形式规则如下 一般单音节词末尾加er 和 est 例如：strong-stronger-strongest 单音节词如果以e结尾，只加r 和st 例如：strange-stranger-strangest 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母， 须先双写这个辅音字母，再加er和est sad-sadder-saddest, big- bigger-biggest, hot- hotter-hottest 少数以y，结尾的双音节词，末尾加er和est（以y结尾的词，如y前是辅音字母，把y变成i，再加er和est），angry- angrier- angrest 其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most different-more different-the most differentbeautiful-more beautiful-the most beautiful（4）副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样。注意： 一般副词： hardharder hardest， fastfaster fastest latelater latest， earlyearlier earliest（5）不规则形容词和副词：不规则形容词的比较级和最高级形式：good/well-better-best, bad/ill-worse-worst many/much-more-most, little/few-less-leastfar-farther/ further -farthest/furthest注意：形容词最高级的前面要加the特殊副词: well better best, much more most, badly worse worstlittle less least, quickly more quickly most quickly quietly more quietly