大学英语读写译(1)期末测试题及答案.doc

大学英语读写译（一）期末测试题（2）Part I. Reading Comprehension (50%)Section A. Skimming and Scanning (10%)Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO)if statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage.For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. If it werent for nicotine, people wouldnt smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering peoples moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses.Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smokers brain and very being?The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia.First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans).As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical “message” that triggers an electrical impulse.The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the “message”. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.Questions 1 71. Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes, it is not necessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked.2. In spite of the difficulties, according to the text more than thirty-five million people a yeargive up smoking.3. It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve peoples abilities to perform someactions more quickly.4. Added ammonia in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotine.5. Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.6. Nicotine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body.7. Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurones.Questions 8 108. Cigarette companies would have to cut the nicotine content in cigarettes by _ to prevent them from being addictive.9. According to the passage, a cigarette can raise a smokers heart rate by _ a minute.10. In order to transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone sends _ known as neurotransmittersSection B. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section, there are 3 passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.One of the most interesting paradoxes in America today is that Harvard University, the oldest university of higher learning in the United States, is now engaged in a serious discussion about what a university should be, and whether it is measuring up.Should Harvardor any other universitybe an intellectual sanctuary(圣地), apart from the political and social revolution of the age, or should it be a laboratory for experimenting with these political and social revolutions; or even an engine of the revolution?This issue was defined several years ago by Walter LippMann, a famous Harvard graduate:“If the universities are to do their work,” he said, “ they must be independent and they must be disinterested(公正)They are places to which men can turn for judgments which are fair. Obviously, the moment the universities fall under political control, or under the control of private interests, or the moment they themselves take a hand in political affairs and leading positions in government, their value as independent as disinterested sources of judgment is weakened”This is part of the discussion that is going on at Harvard today. Another part is the discussion of the militant(激进的) and even many conservative students that a university is the keeper of our ideals and morals, and should not be “disinterested” but active in bringing the nations ideals and actions together. Harvards men of today seem more troubled and less sure about personal, political and study purposes than they did at the beginning. They are not even clear about how they should discuss and resolve their problem, but they are struggling with them privately, and how they come out is sure to influence American university and political life.11. According to Walter LippMann, a university must _.A. depend on the government B. take active part in political affairs and social issuesC. fall under the control of special and private interestsD. remain independent of our society12. Those who disagree with Walter LippMann argue that a university should_.A. be engaged in a serious discussion on the role it plays in the societyB. support our old and established universitiesC. take an active part in solving societys problemsD. not be interested in social revolutions13. In regard to their goals and purposes in life, Harvard men of today are becoming_.A. more sure about them B. less sure about themC. Class interested in them D. completely lost14. The word “paradoxes” underlined in the first sentence of this passage means_.A. a difficult problem B. an out-of-the-ordinary conditionC. a self-contradiction (矛盾) D. an unusual situation15. According to the writer, the discussion going on at Harvard_.A. will soon be over B. will have no resultC. will influence future life in AmericaD. will cause little influence on other universitiesPassage TwoQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Do parents owe their children anything? Yes, they owe them a great deal.One of their chief duties is to give their children a sense of personal worth, for self-esteem is the basis of a good mental health. A youngster, who is often made to feel stupid, often compared to brighter brothers, sisters, or cousins, will not feel confident and become so afraid of failing, that he (or she) wont try at all. Of course, they should be corrected when they do wrong: this is the way children learn. But the criticisms should be balanced with praises.Parents owe their children firm guidance and consistent discipline. It is frightening for a youngster to feel that he is charge of himself; its like being in a car without brakes. The parent who says “No” when other parents say “Yes” sends a double message .He is also saying:” I love you, and I am ready to risk your anger, because I dont want you to get into trouble.”Parents owe their children a comfortable feeling about their body, and enough information about sex to balance the wrong information that they will surely receive from their friends.Parents owe their children privacy and respect for their personal things. This means not borrowing things without being permitted, not reading diaries and mail, not looking through pockets.If a mother feels that she must read her daughters diary to know what is going on, the communication between them must be pretty bad.Parents owe their children a set of solid values around which to build their lives. This means teaching them to respect the rights and opinions of others; it means respecting elders, teachers, and the law. The best way to teach such values is by example. A child who is lied to will lie. A child who sees his parents steal tools from the factory or towels from a hotel will think that it is all right to steal. A youngster who sees no laughter and no love in the home will have difficult time laughing and loving.No child asks to be born. If you bring a life into the world, you owe the child something. And if you give him his due, hell have something of value to pass along to your grandchildren.16. According to the passage, parents owe their children the following things except_.A. cars B. privacy C. respect D. information about their body17. The writer things that teenagers are frightened when they are in charge of themselves because_.A. they dont know how to stop a car without brakesB. there is no one to guide and discipline themC. they are afraid of being left aloneD. there is no one to ask for help when in trouble18. Which of the following ways is advised for parents to show love to their children? A. Saying” Yes” to everything the children ask for B. Never embracing older childrenC. Refusing something to their childrenD. Never criticizing children19. The word “due” in the last paragraph means_.A. something one should do or finish before a fixed timeB. reasonable explanation(s) or plan(s)C. what must be given to someone because it is right or owingD. the money to be paid20. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Parents prefer to let their children be in charge of their own lives at an early age.B. Children learn much by seeing what their parents do.C. Children shouldnt be corrected because it destroys their self-esteem.D. It is better to compare a youngster to his brighter brothers because it makes him try harder.Passage ThreeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economies. It has been argued that the supply of a good land is limited. To feed a large population, poor land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than could be contained with a smaller population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more chance of development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand.One of the difficulties in carrying out a worldwide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw material. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, the first concern of government will be to set a limit on the birthrate, whatever the final result may be. In a highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birthrate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and building industry grows weaker. Faced with concerns such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population, rather than one which is stable or in decline.21. The main topic of this article is _.A. environment protection B. population growthC. environment and economy D. climate changing22. The passage says that a small population may lead to _.A. higher production, but a lower average incomeB. lower production and lower average incomeC. higher production and a higher average incomeD. lower production, but a higher average income23. According to the passage, the use of birth control perhaps is good for_.A. a developing country B. a developed countryC. the whole world D. each nation with a big population24. In a developed country, people will perhaps be unemployed if the birthrate_.A. goes up B. goes down C. remains stable D. is out of control25. The author is aiming to show that _.A. humans will run out of their food supply in the futureB. it is necessary for humans to carry out a worldwide plan for birth controlC. different nation have different views of population growthD. we need to take necessary measures to prevent the overuse of natural resourcesSection C Reading in Depth (10%)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.The favorite food in the United States is the hamburger. The favorite place to 47 a hamburger is a fast food restaurant. At fast food restaurants, people 48 their food, wait a few minutes, and carry it to their tables themselves. People also 49 their food out of the restaurant and eat it in their cars or in their homes. At some fast food restaurants, people can order their