国际贸易材料整理绝对优势.docx

名词解释：1、International trade国际贸易:International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country (or district) with those produced in another country(or district).2、Intra-industry Trade产业内贸易: exchange products which belong to the same sector.Intra-industry trade refers to the exchange of products belonging to the same industry3、Tariff关税: A tariff (an Instrument of Trade Policy) is a tax (duty) levied on products as they move between nations, usually collected by customs officials. （as it crosses a national boundary.）4、The Import quota进口配额 A limit on the total quantity of imports of a product allowed into the country during a period of time (for instance, a year).5、Voluntary export restraints(VERs)自动出口限额An odd-looking trade barrier in which the importing country government coerces the foreign exporting country to agree “voluntarily” to restrict its exports to this country.6、DUMPING倾销:Selling exports at a price that is “too low,” a price below “normal value” or “fair market value.” 7、 Export Subsidy出口补贴It includes Direct Subsidy 直接补贴and Indirect subsidy出口退税。Governments also provide various forms of financial assistance援助 that benefit their exporters. These export subsidies are controversial有争议的 because they violate international norms about fair trade. 他们违反了国际准则关于公平贸易。8、Dependence Degree of Trade外贸依存度=进出口总额/GDP（Ratio of Dependence on Foreign Trade对外贸易依存度）The foreign trade dependence is a measure of the foreign trade in one country economy importance degree of index, it is the proportion of one country import and export with the countrys gross domestic product (GDP)9、Export Credit出口信贷Suppliers credit卖方信贷: The exporters bank provide loans to the nations exporters出口商. Buyers credit买方信贷：The exporters bank provide loans to foreign buyers or importer bank.chop810、区域经济一体化 Any type of arrangement in which countries agree to coordinate their trade, fiscal, and or monetary policies is referred to as economic integration11、Customs union关税同盟A customs union occurs when a group of countries agree to eliminate tariffs between themselves and set a common external tariff on imports from the rest of the world. 一个关税联盟发生在一群国家同意他们之间消除关税并设置一个共同对外关税在世界其他国家的进口。12、WTOThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.世界贸易组织(WTO)是全球唯一的国际组织处理国家间贸易规则的。其核心是世贸协议,谈判和签署的世界贸易的大部分国家在他们的议会批准。目标是帮助生产者的商品和服务,出口商和进口商进行他们的业务。简答 一、 WTO原则和宗旨（Principles of WTO） 1、Trade without discrimination贸易不受歧视2、Freer trade: barriers coming down through negotiation; 自由贸易:障碍通过谈判下来;3、Predictability: through binding and transparency 可预见性:通过绑定和透明度4、Promoting fair competition 促进公平竞争5、Encouraging development and economic reform 鼓励发展和经济改革的三、Economic Integration 经济一体化的类型1 Preferential Trade Arrangements优惠贸易安排provide lower barriers on trade among participating nations than on trade with nonmember nations. This is the loosest form of economic integration 提供低贸易壁垒在参与国家比在贸易与非会员国家。这是最松散的形式的经济一体化2、Free Trade Area自由贸易区 in which members remove all trade barriers among themselves, but keep their separate national barriers against trade with the outside world.移除所有成员在他们自己之间的贸易壁垒,但保持各自国家对贸易壁垒与外面的世界3、Customs Union关税同盟 A customs union occurs when a group of countries agree to eliminate tariffs between themselves and set a common external tariff on imports from the rest of the world.一个关税联盟发生在一群国家同意他们之间消除关税并设置一个共同对外关税在世界其他国家的进口。4。Common Market共同市场 A common market establishes free trade in goods and services, sets common external tariffs among members and also allows for the free mobility of capital and labor across countries. 一个共同市场建立自由贸易的商品和服务,集共同对外关税成员之间,还允许自由流动资本和劳动力的跨国家。5。Economic Union 经济联盟 goes still further by harmonizing or even unifying the monetary and fiscal policies of member states. This is the most advanced type of economic integration. 去进一步协调甚至统一的货币和财政政策的成员国。这是最先进的类型的经济一体化。四、 dumping倾销:Selling exports at a price that is “too low,”a price below “normal value” or “fair market value.” Chop81、Predatory dumping恶意倾销：charging a low price temporarily driving foreign competitors out of business raising prices and earn high profits by using its monopoly power充电一个低价格暂时驾驶外国竞争对手的生意提高价格,赚取高额利润通过使用它的垄断权力2、Cyclical dumping循环倾销Cyclical dumping occurs during periods of recession不景气. During the part of the cycle when demand is low, a firm tends to lower its price to limit the decline in quantity大量 sold. 3、Seasonal dumping： is intended to sell off excess inventories积压商品 of a product. 4、Persistent dumping持久性倾销：Persistent dumping occurs because a firm with market power uses price discrimination between markets to increase its total profit五、 关税同盟的效应1、Theory of customs union关税联盟的理论（1）Trade creation 贸易创造： occurs when some domestic production of one customs-union member is replaced by another members lower-cost imports. 发生在一些国内生产一个关税同盟的会员是取代了另一成员的进口成本（2）Trade diversion贸易转移 ：Occurs when lower-cost imports from outside the union are replaced by higher-cost imports from another union member发生在欧盟以外的进口成本都换成了成本较高的进口来自另一个工会成员2、Dynamic动态的 benefits from customs unions：(1)An Increase in competition.(2)lower costs of production and reduce prices (3) Economies of scale (4)Stimulus to investment. 刺激投资(5) Better utilization利用 of the economic resources of the entire community六、Mercantilism重商主义Economic theory of how a nation can become wealthy itsGoal isBuild up as much wealth as you can，money=power。To become wealthiest, most powerful nation；Become self-sufficient自给自足的 = meet all needs within the empire；Develop favorable 有利的balance of trade；Export more than import = profit分析题一：绝对优势1、Absolute Advantage绝对优势：A country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it. Absolute Advantagean ExampleTable AAMinutes needed to produce one ounceMeatPotatoesFarmer6015Rancher4020The Farmer has an absolute advantage in the production of potatoes; he produces one ounce of potatoes in less time (or more ounces in a specified amount of time) than Rancher can. 3、用相同多的资源生产更多的产品。You have an absolute advantage in producing something if you can produce more of it (than others can) with the same amount of resources. 生产一样多的产品用较少的资源A country has an absolute advantage over another in producing a good, if it can produce that good using fewer resources than another country. 二、Comparative Advantage比较优势1、The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a comparative advantage in producing that good.2、opportunity cost机会成本：The cost of something is what you give up to get it. 举例：To make 1 ounce of meat Farmer needs 60 minutes. In that time he could have made 4 ounces of potatoes. Therefore, Farmers opportunity cost of 1 ounce of meat is 4 ounces of potatoes2、Comparative AdvantageMeans Lower Opportunity Cost比较优势意味着较低的机会陈本。机会成本低的有比较优势。Principles of WTO Trade without discrimination a country should not discriminate between its trading partners (giving them equally “most-favoured-nation” or MFN status); and it should not discriminate between its own and foreign products, services or nationals