八年级第一单元(牛津版深圳专用).docx

一、1本章主要谈论的是水，介绍了各种水源，号召我们应该节约水资源，不浪费水，不污染水。2重点单词和词组liquid, solid, gas, cover, stream, tap, pour, freeze, waste, sound, obey, nod, treatment, plant, pump, pollute, valuable, customer, owner, flow chart, step-by-step, clean up, in the first place 3重点句型There is a lot of water in the pool.There are many swimmers in the pool.How much beef do you have?4语法a lot of, a little, much, no, a few 等词及词组的用法。二、重难点知识讲解1She was brushing her teeth and the tap was on译文 她在刷牙，而且水龙头是开着的。（1）teeth是名词tooth的复数形式，意思是“牙齿”。注意名词变复数的不规则变化： childchildrenfootfeet toothteeth mousemicemanmen womanwomen 注意：与 man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。单复同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three yuan，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如： people, police, cattle等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。e.g.The Chinese are brave. 中国人民是勇敢的。以s结尾，仍为单数的名词：maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。news 是不可数名词。the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。e.g.The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。e.g.“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼（2）on adj.开着的e.g.Is the gas on? 煤气开着吗？The radios on but it isnt working. 收音机开着，但不响了。Is the water / electricity on yet? 自来水/电通了吗? 发生着的；正在进行中的e.g.A new film is now on. 现在正在上映一部新的电影。Is the match still on? 比赛还在进行吗？Whats on television tonight? 今晚电视还有什么节目？注意on的其它用法：on prep. 在上e.g.sth. on the table 在桌上的东西a ring on her finger 她手上的戒指 (= upon) e.g.He stood on the cliff top looking out to the sea. 他站在悬崖顶上眺望大海。（悬挂、固定）在上e.g.There is a list of our lessons on the wall. 墙上有我们的课程表。关于e.g.a lesson on history 历史课e.g.a book on breeding rabbits 一本有关养兔的书。当时候，在时e.g.on Monday 在星期一on October 1st 在10月1日on adv. 继续着He worked on right through lunchtime. 午餐时间他还在工作。The whole group worked on and on all night. 全组人员连续不断地干了个通宵。注意：on与upon一般可通用, 但有以下区别: 表示日期时一般只用on, 不用upon 在某些习语中, upon和on不能互相替换, 如:once upon a time,later onon 比 upon 更通俗.2.sound的主要用法：n. 声音e.g.We heard a strange sound. 我们听到一种奇怪的声音。Sound travels slower than light. 声音比光传播得慢。vi. 听起来，似乎，其后加表语（形容词，介词短语，名词）e.g.How does the music sound to you? 这音乐你听起来怎么样？It sounds beautiful. 它听起来很美。It sounds like thunder. 听起来像是雷声。Your ideas sounds reasonable.你的主意听起来是合理的。vt. 使某物发声。e.g.Dont sound the “h”in“hour”. “hour”中的“h”不发音。Who sounded the bell? 谁打铃了？sound, noise与voice辨析sound(n.)指自然界中所有的声音，可指悦耳的声音也可指噪音。noise一般指很响的，刺耳的声音，即喧闹，嘈杂声等。voice指人通过发音器官发出的声音（包括说话，唱歌等）。e.g.Mary has a beautiful voice. 玛丽的声音很美。He spoke in a loud voice. 他大声讲话。Dont make such a noise. 别这样大声喧哗。3.get, arrive, reach三者均可表示“到达”，区别如下：arrive和get 都是不及物动词，前者较正式，后者则较口语化。两者之后均不可接宾语，但可接 here, there, home 之类的表地点的副词作状语。e.g.What time does the train arrive? 火车什么时候到?We got/arrived here last night.我们昨晚到这儿。要表示“到达某地”，需借助适当介词：arrive 之后通常接介词at (一般用于较小的地方)或 in (一般用于较大的地方)。e.g.We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我们到车站晚了5 分钟。They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 他们将于下周星期一到达巴黎。get 之后通常接介词to。e.g.When we got to the park, it began to rain. 我们到达公园时，就开始下雨了。reach 通常是及物动词(较 get 更正式)，其后可直接跟地点名词作宾语(不能用介词)。e.g.He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。注意：reach 之后也可接 here, there, home 等词。e.g.When did he reach home yesterday? 昨天他什么时候到家?顺便说一句：reach 除可表示“到达某地”外，还用于其它意义的“到达”。e.g.Your letter reached me last week. 我是上周收到你的信的。He has reached school age. 他已达到上学年龄。4.relax 使轻松;使休息（动词）e.g.She relaxed her mind by listening to music. 她听听音乐使大脑得到休息。relaxed 松懈的；放松的(形容词，通常做表语，放在系动词之后）e.g.I felt relaxed after the competition. 在比赛之后，我感到很放松。relaxing 令人松懈的，令人轻松的，轻松愉悦的 (通常做定语修饰名词) e.g.I like those relaxing country songs. 我喜欢那些令人放松的乡村音乐。5.remember to do sth. 记住要做某事。e.g.Remember to post the letter for me.记住给我邮这封信。remember doing sth. 记得做过某事。e.g.I remember seeing him once. 我记得见过他一次。6.believe it or not：这是一句口语，解释为“信不信由你”。e.g.Believe it or not, the new library was completed in only four days.信不信由你，图书馆只花了四天就建成了。That man used to own half of the city, believe it or not.那男人曾经很有钱，拥有半个城，信不信由你。7.take（1）常常和it连用，it在句子中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。意为“花费(时间、金钱)等”。e.g.How long will it take you to do your homework every day? 每天做作业要花费你多长时间？It usually takes her 20 yuan to buy books every week. 每周买书通常要花费她20元钱。（2）拿，取e.g.I want to take some books to the classroom. 我想拿些书到教室。（3）吃，喝，服用，放e.g.Take this medicine three times a day. 每天吃三次药。Do you take sugar in your milk? 你喝的牛奶里放糖吗？（4）乘车(船)等e.g.Shall we go there by bike or take a taxi? 我们是骑自行车去那还是坐出租车去？take a boat trip 乘船旅行（5）“做事情”, 常常和名词连用，表示与该名词意义相关的动作e.g.take a walk 散步take a rest 休息一下take a look 看一看等等（6）在不同的语境中产生不同的意思，是个多义词；e.g.You can take a mud path in the nearby caves.你可以在附近的洞穴中走一条泥泞的小路。Walk along the road, take the fourth turning on the left. 沿着这条路走，在左边第四个拐弯处拐弯。构成常用的重要词组：（1）take away 拿走e.g.Tom takes the knife away from the little boy. 汤姆从小男孩手里把刀拿走了。（2）take care (=be careful=look out)当心e.g.Take care! The car is coming! 小心！车来了！（3）take (good) care of (好好)照顾，照料e.g.I can take care of the baby all by myself. 我自己能照顾这个小孩。（4） take down 取下来e.g.Take down the picture and put up the map of the world. 摘下这张图画，挂上一幅世界地图。（5）take out 拿出e.g.Please take out a piece of paper and write down your names on it, OK?拿出一张纸，在上面写下你们的名字，好吗？（6）take off 脱下；飞机(等起飞)e.g.Sorry! You have to take off your shoes before getting into the computer room.对不起，在进入微机室之前，先要把你的鞋子脱掉。The plane is going to take off soon. 飞机马上就要起飞了。（7）take ones time 别着急，慢慢来e.g.Please take your time!别着急，慢慢来！（8）take ones temperature 量体温e.g.Mingming is ill. The doctor is taking his temperature now. 明明生病了，大夫正在给他量体温。三、语法：How many与how much的用法区别1所修饰词的不同how many用来修饰可数名词的复数，它的句式是：How many复数名词一般疑问句how much用来修饰不可数名词，表示数量，也可单独使用。2how many的用法（1）对there be句型中主语的数量如:some, five, only one等提问时,如果主语是可数名词，不管主语是单数还是复数一般都用复数形式提问，因为问话人不知道具体的数量是多少，而且many只能接可数名词复数形式，所以be一定要用are.即用“How many可数名词复数are there地点/时间状语”的句型结构. e.g.There is a book on the desk. (用how many改为特殊疑问句)How many books are there on the desk？There are seven days in a week. (对划线部分进行提问)How many days are there in a week？(2)记忆口诀how many在句首，名词复数跟着走，一般问