艾滋病合并新型隐球菌脑膜炎文献回顾.pptx

获得性免疫缺陷综合征 & 新型隐球菌脑膜脑炎,主诉：头痛8天，复视4天，发热意识欠清1天,外院腰穿（ 2016.4.27 ）,头颅MRI：左侧半卵圆中心点状异常信号，T2Flair序列双顶叶皮层下点状略高信号（2016.4.27）,入院后腰穿-略浑浊脑脊液,入院后腰穿,脑脊液细胞学成团及散在带荚膜蓝染颗粒,Wright-Giemsa染色 放大倍数1：400,脑脊液培养,新生隐球菌 报阳时间：48小时,化验白细胞计数及淋巴细胞计数,化验T细胞亚群分类,AIDS确诊实验,诊断,新型隐球菌脑膜脑炎 获得性免疫缺陷综合征,Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 50:291322,Chin J Mycol ,April 2010,Vol 5,No 2,Cryptococcus /隐球菌,Incidence,在免疫抑制患者中，隐球菌感染的发病率约为5%10%，在AIDS患者中，隐球菌的感染率可以高达 30%，而在免疫功能正常的人群中，隐球菌的感染率约为十万分之一左右 It is estimated that the global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcosis approximates 1 million cases annually worldwide,Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 50:291322,Chin J Mycol ,April 2010,Vol 5,No 2,Mortality,Despite access to advanced medical care and the availability of HAART, the 3-month mortality rate during management of acute cryptococcal meningoencephalitis approximates 20% Furthermore, without specific antifungal treatment for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in certain HIV-infected populations,mortality rates of 100% have been reported within 2 weeks after clinical presentation to health care facilities,Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 50:291322,临床表现,Chin J Mycol ,April 2010,Vol 5,No 2,CSF interpretation for the management of patients with suspected encephalitis,Journal of Infection (2012) 64, 347e373,艾滋病合并新型隐球菌脑膜脑炎的影像学表现,血管周围间隙扩大,胶状假囊（治疗3个月后）,Radiol Practice，sep 2009 ，Vol 24，N 0 .9,V-R 间隙（血管周围间隙）扩大,血管周围间隙是与软脑膜下隙接续的,是软脑膜随着穿通动脉和流出静脉进出脑实质的延续而成 扩大的V-R 间隙意味着大量的隐球菌酵母细胞聚集于血管周围间隙或者部分阻滞了脑脊液的流出,Three risk groups of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis,Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 50:291322,Chin J Mycol ,April 2010,Vol 5,No 2,Cryptococcosis in a resource-limited health care environment,With CNS and/or disseminated disease where polyene is not available, induction therapy is fluconazole (800 mg per day orally; 1200 mg per day is favored) for at least 10 weeks or until CSF culture results are negative, followed by maintenance therapy with fluconazole (200400 mg per day orally) Where AmBd is not available or affordable, where facilities for admission and IV therapy do not exist, or where renal and potassium monitoring are not sufficiently rapid or reliable to allow safe use of AmBd, fluconazole is often the only treatment option.,Elevated CSF Pressure,If the CSF pressure is 25 cm of CSF and there are symptoms of increased intracranial pressure during induction therapy, relieve by CSF drainage (by lumbar puncture, reduce the opening pressure by 50% if it is extremely high or to a normal pressure of 25 cm of CSF and symptoms, repeat lumbar puncture daily until the CSF pressure and symptoms have been stabilized for 12 days and consider temporary percutaneous lumbar drains or ventriculostomy for persons who require repeated daily lumbar punctures Permanent VP shunts should be placed only if the patient is receiving or has received appropriate antifungal therapy and if more conservative measures to control increased intracranial pressure have failed. If the patient is receiving an appropriate antifungal regimen, VP shunts can be placed during active infection and