艺考生课程——语法第四十二讲非谓语动词.docx

2015年学大教育艺考生课程语法 第四十二讲非谓语动词不定式适用学科高中英语适用年级高中三年级适用区域人教版课时时长（分钟）1课时/60分钟知识点动词不定式作主语动词不定式作宾语动词不定式作表语动词不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式作定语动词不定式作状语动词不定式省略to的情况只能接不定式的动词教学目标知识：熟悉非谓语动词中不定式的灵活运用方法。方法：分析不定式在句子中所充当的不同成分。能力：提升学生的语言运用能力，规范不定式在句子中的正确使用。教学重点不定式充当句子中的主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和表语教学难点不定式作句子中的定语或状语教学过程一、课堂导入1、让学生思考什么是非谓语动词？可以简单的从关键字入手，注意：“非谓语”和“动词”2、导入非谓语动词的定义：非谓语动词包括不定式(todo)、动名词(ing)、现在分词(ing)与过去分词(ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。二、复习预习1、教师引导学生复习上节课所学的重点内容，并采用提问的方式将上节课的重难点进行复习和巩固记忆；2、针对上节课的作业进行订正、讲评、答疑，将集中出错的地方进行分析和进一步讲解。三、知识讲解知识点 1：动词不定式的形式：动词不定式肯定式：to + do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。 否定式：not / never + to do 以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下： 时态/语态主动语态被动语态一般式to doto be done进行式to be doingto be being done完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing无（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。例如： The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。 The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。 （2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I happened to have been taken to the cinema. 我偶然被带去过电影院。（4）完成进行式：不定式的完成进行式表示谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作，例如：The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 据说这场战争持续了两天。知识点 2：不定式的句法功能（1）作主语 例如：To lose your heart means failure. 灰心丧气意味着失败。注意：动词不定式短语作句子主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如：It is difficult to get up early every morning. 每天早晨都很早起床是件困难的事情。【易错点】常用句式有：1、It + be动词 + 名词 + to do sth.2、It + be动词 + 形容词 + of /for sb. + to do sth. careless, clever, foolish, honest, kind, nice, wise等表示赞扬或批评的形容词+of sb. necessary, difficult, easy等描述事物的形容词+for sb.例如：It is very kind of you to help me. 你能帮助我，真是太好了。It is necessary for us to discuss this problem again. 我们有必要把这个问题再讨论一遍。（2）作宾语：常用不定式作宾语的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, afford, arrange等。例如：How did you manage to finish it so soon? 你是怎么设法这么快就完成这件事的？注意：如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，常见的词有：think, feel, expect, make, suppose, find 等。例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. Marx觉得研究俄罗斯的情况比较困难。 （3）作定语： 位置：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。例如： I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要参加。注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? 如果不定式修饰time, place或way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 【考查点】不定式的被动形式to be done修饰名词，表示将来时间的被动。例如：The book to be published next week is about our local culture.（4）作状语： 表目的，常译成“为了”，不定式一般放在主句之后，但为了强调目的也可放在句首。例如：We should do whatever we can to help them.To save money, he has tried every means.注意：不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.）表结果（往往是与预期愿望相反的结果）：常用搭配 only to do sth，例如：He arrived late only to find the train had gone. I visited him only to find him out. 表原因：adj. + to do sth.They were very sad to hear the news. （5）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，补充说明作宾语的名词或代词的动作或状态，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite, expect, prefer, encourage等。例如：Their parents prefer them to be home early.My parents dont allow me to go out at night.【易错点】注意：不定式省略to 的情况在使役动词（make, let, have）或感官动词（see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch）后面的宾语补足语要省略to，例如：He had his son clean the car. / She noticed the man look at her a couple of times. 但若这些动词用于被动语态或不定式用于完成式时，其后的不定式要带to，例如：I noticed her to have come early. / He was seen to enter the building.（6）作表语：不定式作表语经常表示的是谓语动词之后的动作，例如：The aim of this competition is to improve your listening and speaking ability. 这次比赛的目的是提升你们的听说能力。四、例题精析【例题1】I hurried to the meeting hall, only _ that the meeting had been put off.Ato tellBto be toldCtellingDtold【答案】B【解析】only to do为不定式作结果状语，且I与tell为被动关系，因此用不定式的被动语态。【例题2】Do let your mother know all the truth, she appears _ everything.Ato tellBto be toldCto be tellingDto have been told【答案】D【解析】本题考查不定式的用法。分析第一句可知，she 与tell 之间存在被动关系，故排除A、C两项；由两句之间的逻辑可知，母亲已知一切，再隐瞒是没有用的，故一定要告诉母亲一切真相，所以选D。B表示将要被告知，不合题意。【例题3】Little Tom should love _ to the theater this evening.Ato be takenBto takeCbeing takenDtaking【答案】A【解析】little Tom和take之间存在被动关系，Tom是被带去剧院，因此排除B、D选项。而且Tom是今天晚上将要被带去剧院，因此答案是A，不定式表示将来。【例题4】Many people stood near the bus stop, nervously waiting _.Ato pick upBpicking upCto be picked upDbeing picked up【答案】C【解析】这里用不定式作目的状语，且people和pick up为被动关系，因此用不定式的被动语态。五、课堂运用【基础】1、I stopped the car _ a short break as I was feeling tired.Atake BtakingCto takeDtaken【答案】C【解析】考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，停下车是为了休息，所以应用不定式作目的状语。2、Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _ his plane high up in the sky.AfindingBto findCbeing found Dto have found【答案】B【解析】本题考查非谓语动词。句意为：汤姆乘的士赶到机场，结果只发现他要乘坐的飞机已经飞入高空了。此处only后接动词不定式to do表示意想不到的结果，故选B。3、Volunteering gives you a chance _ lives, including your own.AchangeBchangingCchangedDto change【答案】D【解析】本题考查非谓语动词。从句意看，空处是定语，修饰名词chance。如果change是动词，则不能做定语；如果它是名词，则后面不能接宾语lives，故排除选项A；机会和改变之间不存在被动关系，排除选项C；改变生活的机会，逻辑上存在一种将来的含义，而不是进行，排除选项B。【句意】志愿活动给你改变生活的机会，包括你自己的。【巩固】1、Every minute is made full use of _ our lessons.Astudying Bto study Cstudy Dbeing studied【答案】B【解析】此题容易误选A，认为动名词作介词的宾语。其实此题应选B，此句是被动句，转换成主动句就成为 we make full use of every minute to study our lessons.。这是不定式作目的状语。2、 Did the book give the information you needed? Yes, But _ it, I had to read the entire book.Ato findBfindCto be findingDfinding【答案】A【解析】答语句意为：是的，但是为了找到它，我不得不阅读了整本书。表示目的要用动词不定式形式。由于不表示正在进行，故不用进行时态。3、I feel greatly honored _ into their society.A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomedD. welcomed【答案】C【解析】welcome与“I”之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故welcome须用被动语态形式。该句语意相当于I feel it a great honor to be welcomed into their society.。4、The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.AbreakingBhaving brokenCto have brokenDto break【答案】C【解析】sb./sth. is reported to do sth.为常用的表达方式，to do不能用doing形式，“打破世界记录”是已经发生的事情，故用不定式的完成式。【拔高】1、Look, there are many dead fish in the river.We must do everything we can _ waste water from running into rivers.AkeepBkeptCto keepDkeeping【答案】C【解析】动词不定式表目的，意为“我们做了我们所能做的每件事来阻止废水流入河流”。2、My sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle_to balance it.Ahaving triedBtryingCto tryDtried【答案】B【解析】此题考查非谓语动词的用法。句中的空格处动词与主语my sister构成主动关系，即try这个动作是my sister发出的，所以用trying表示她主动“设法/尝试着保持自行车平衡”。3、He spent every minute he could spare on books _ an entrance prize to a college.Ato winBwonCwinningDwining【答案】A【解析】spend.on sth.是固定搭配，books后接不定式作目的状语。课程小结 本节课重点学习了非谓语动词中不定式的具体用法，重点包括不定式的具体形式以及不定式在语句的中句法功能。不定式能充当的句子成分比较多，包括主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和表语，但是重点考查的内容主要是不定式作定语以及不定式作状语。这部分内容在考题中出现的频次较高，需要学生们能够在句子中进行灵活的运用。课后作业【基础】1、There is nothing more I can try _ you to stay, so I wish you good luck.Abeing persuadedBpersuadingCto be persuadedDto persuade【答案】D【解析】try to do sth表示“尽力做某事”。句意：“我再没什么可说的了，祝你好运。”2、If theres a lot of work_. Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.Ato doBto be doingCdoneDdoing【答案】A【解析】此题考查不定式的用法。根据句意“如果还有一些工作要做，我乐意坚持着直到做完”，可以知道这些工作是“要被做”，所以要用不定式的to do形式表示将要做的事情，而且，在there be 的这个句型中，如果be 后面的sth.要跟上不定式，要用主动形式表示被动，所以选择A项，而不选择其他。又如“If there is something to do, I will do it immediately.”3、Whats the matter with Tim? Oh, Tims cell phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never _ again.Ato findBto be foundCfindingDbeing found【答案】B【解析】本题主要考查非谓语动词的应用。根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系，可排除选项A、C；而选项B表示出乎意外的、今后的结果；选项D表示自然的、经常性的结果。【巩固】1、He suggested the person referred _ put into prison. AisBbeCto beDshould be【答案】C【解析】referred to 过去分词作定语，be put into prison是宾语从句的谓语部分。学生由于粗心，容易误选B或者D。2、Group activities will be organized after class _ children develop team spirit.AhelpingBhaving helpedChelpedDto help【答案】D【解析】本题考查不定式作目的状语的用法。句意：为了帮助培养孩子的团队精神，课后将要组织很多的集体活动。本句中的不定式短语to help children develop team spirit在句中做目的状语，表示组织很多集体活动的目的。其余三项通常都不用做目的状语。故B正确。3、There are still many problems _ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.AsolvingBsolvedCbeing solvedDto be solved【答案】D【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。根据后面for a long stay on the Moon可知，我们有很多将来要解决的问题，表示将来的动作用不定式作定语，又因为问题被解决，所以用不定式的被动式。4、Nearly half a million people are believed _ their homes in