宾语从句与定语从句汇总.doc

初中英语语法两大从句汇总在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 She is a teacher. I am a teacher.They are teachers.I like English.She plays basketball every day.I think she is a good student.A、宾语从句宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：一，引导词A,由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：I told him that he was wrong.l在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。例：I dont think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)B,由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.例：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.C,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)I dont know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)二，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.二，宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:1)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already.She said that she had finished her homework already.4)She says that she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.l如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.lCould you tell me是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?注意事项：u由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。例：She said: “I have been to England before.”She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths?”She asked me if I liked maths.u宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。例：I dont know what I should do next.I cont know what to do next.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know where to live.DO SOME EXERCISES:1.Can you see_?A. what hes reading B. what is he readingC. what does he read D. he reads what2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子)Do you know_Jack _from Japan?3._What did your son say in the letter?_He told me that he_ the Disney would the next dayA.will visit B. has visitedC. is going to visit D. would visit4.He didnt know_A.whats the matter B.what the matter isC. what was the matter D. what the matter was5.Somebody called you just now, but I didnt know_A.who were they B. who they wereC. who was it D. who it was6.I want to know_A.what is his name B. whats his nameC. that his name is D. what his name is 7.-Could you tell me _she is looking for?-Her cousin,susan.A.that B.whose C .who D.which8.Do you know_?(谁正在唱歌)9.Do you know_?(她正在和谁谈话)10.Do you know_?(昨天发生了什么事)The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 who is singing 9 who she is talking with10 what happened yesterdayA、定语从句专项讲解与训练 She is a beautiful girl. (在这里beautiful做girl的定语)，但有的时候一个句子做另一个句子的定语，这个做定语的句子就叫定语从句，如：The woman who lives next door is a teacher.（居住在隔壁的妇女是一名教师） 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词 定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 格 先行词 主格 宾格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： A teacher is a person who teaches students. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 Anyone who wants to join the swimming club must send me the resume(简历) by email first. 想参加游泳俱乐部的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我发送简历。 whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如： Do you know the girl whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那个女孩你认识吗？ This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略） whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如： The girl whose father is a teacher works hard. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女孩学习努力。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window is white?窗户是白色的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。） （二）关系代词which的用法 which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that） Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which可以换成that） （三）关系代词that的用法 that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who） Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成which） Is this the book that you want to buy? 这是你要买的那本书吗？ （that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略） 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀： the time when the place where the reason why （一）关系副词when的用法 关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。例如： In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often. 北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行词是months） Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace? 你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗？ I havent seen her since the year when I left Tokyo. 自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。（when先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替） （二）关系副词where的用法 关系副词where