高中学业考试英语复习模块三.docVIP

高中学业考试英语复习模块三英语基础语法名词性从句一、名词性从句的基本概念在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，包括作主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。(1)主语从句就是在复合句中作主语的从句。主语从句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引导。如：Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否来还是问题。That China is a great socialist country is well known. 众所周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。注：为避免头重脚轻，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。如上述第二例常说成：It is well known that China is a great socialist country.但是，由连接代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句一般不能用形式主语。如：What he found surprised me greatly. 他的发现使我非常吃惊。Whoever is finished may rest. 凡是做完工的人都可以休息。(2)表语从句就是在连系动词之后作表语的从句。引导表语从句的连接除与引导主语从句的连接词外，还有as if， as though。如：The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 问题是他能否单独做这件事。It looks as if (though) it is going to snow. 天好像要下雪似的。注意：要区分以下句式：1. thats why+结果；thats because+原因。2. the reason why /foris thatHe is absent. Thats because he is ill. 他缺席，这是因为他生病了。He is ill. Thats why he is absent. 他病了，这就是他缺席的原因。The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。(3)宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的从句。引导这宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词基本相同。如：They didnt say which they wanted. 他们没有说他们想要哪一个。I am sure (that) no harm will ever come to you. 我肯定你永远不会受伤害。I was surprised at what has happened.我对发生的事感到惊讶。注意：当think, believe, suppose等的疑问式后面跟连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句时，习惯上将这些连接词置于句首，即“连接代/副词do you think /believe /expect宾语从句的其余部分？”如：Who do you think is the best player this year? 你认为今年谁是最佳运动员? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放学后干什么？(4)同位语从句就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名词的后面，说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由that引导，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引导，但不能由which引导。如：The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. “地球是圆的”这种观点并不新鲜。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这们一问题。I have no idea when he will set out. 我不知他什么时候出发。注：有时，同位语从句并不紧跟在它所说明的词的后面。如：The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheeps clothing. 真相终于大白了，他原来是一只披羊皮的狼。二、名词性从句的基本要素A. 连接词就是引导名词性从句的关连接词。共有四类：1. 连词that：只起连接作用，没有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略。2. 连词whether：有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分；引导宾语从句时，还可用if。3. 连接代词：who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。4. 连接副词：when, where, why, how等，有意义，在从句中作状语。5. whoever, whatever, whichever等也可引导名词性从句，意为“无论/不管”。注意：连接词必须位于从句的最前面。关于连接词的用法，请参见后文。B. 语序必须与陈述句语序相同：主语谓语动词。如：译：我不知道他去哪里了。误：I dont know where has she gone.正：I dont know where she has gone.C. 时态一致若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态；若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，其谓语动词必须用某种过去时态。如：She said that his father had gone to Beijing. 他说他父亲去北京了。(had不能用has)注：宾语从句是一个客观真理时，可以不一致。如：She told me that the earth goes around the sun. 他告诉我地球围绕太阳旋转。 宾语从句学习指要用来充作宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。如：He asked what you were doing last night. 他问你昨天夜晚在干什么。I didnt know that he was wounded in the accident. 我原来不知道他在那事故中受了伤。Can you explain why he didnt come to the party last Sunday? 你能解释上周星期日他为什么没有来参加聚会吗？在宾语从句中须注意：1. that 在口语中常被省略，但在正式的文体中，不能省；并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句，但可引导except, but, in 等少数介词的宾语从句。如：I didnt know (that) he was Li Lei. 我不知道他就是李蕾。I will do anything I can to help you except that Im ill. 只要我身体舒服，我愿做任何事情来帮助你。2. 宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时，一般须用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句放到句末，此时的that不能省。如：The boy has made it clear that they cant play with his toys. 那个男孩已清楚的表明他们不能玩弄他的玩具。3. 动词advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(坚决主张), order, propose, request, suggest(建议)等代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气，即：(should) do的形式。He asked that we (should) get there before nine oclock. 他要求我们在九点钟之前赶到那儿。The teacher advised us that we (should) not waste our time. 老师劝告我们不要浪费时间了。4. 宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。即(from )：1)当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。如：He always says that he is our good friend. 他总是说他是我们的好朋友。When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed. 当老师知道我们所干的事情时，他会说我们做了一件好事。2)当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时，从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时。如：He didnt tell us he came from Shanghai. 他没有告诉我们他来自上海。He said he had read the book. 他说他读过这本书。3)但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实，而不受时间的限制时，即使主句谓语动词为过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。如(from )：Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers. 毛主席说一切帝国主义者都是纸老虎。When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world. 我们还是小孩子的时候，人们就告诉我们说中国在世界的东方。同位语从句学习指要当名词后面所接的从句表示与名词同位并为名词的实际内容时，这个从句就是同位语从句。如：The news that China has joined the WTO excite us all. 中国加入了世界贸易组织这一消息使我们大家兴奋不已。He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon. 他告诉了我们他从单车上摔下来这一真相。同位语中应注意：1. 高中所学能带同位语从句的名词不多，常见的有：answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如：Hw sent us a message that he wont come next week. 他送信来告诉我们说，下周他不来了。There is no doubt that he is fit for this job. 毫无疑问，它适合这一工作。2. 表示“命令、建议、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名词的同位语，须用虚拟语气。如(from )：He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college. 他已清楚的表明了他要努力学习考上大学这一愿望。Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules. 不久命令下来了，所有的人不得违犯制度。3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同，具体表现在以下几个方面：(1)被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。(2)从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容；而定语从句是对先行词名词的限制、描绘或说明。(3)引导词的作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不担任任何成分，但不能省略；而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中担任句子的某种成分，当担任定语从句中的宾语时，that可以省略。(4)引导词不同。定语从句不能用what, how, whether引导；而同位从句可以用what, how, whether引导(from )。(5)判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法。同位语从句可充当同位名词的表语；而定语从句不能充当先行词的表语表语从句学习指要当一个子句充当句子的表语时，这个子句就叫做表语从句。如：My idea is that he can teach children English in this school. 我的想法是他能够在这所学校教孩子们英语。My hope is that he will keep it a secret for ever. 我的希望是它将永远保守秘密。表语从句中应注意：1. 连接词that一般不能省略，但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时，that可以省略。如：What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。2. 当句子的主语是：advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即：should +do。如：My advice is that you should go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。主语从句学习指要用来作主语的句子叫做主语从句。如：(1)When he was born is unknown. 他生于何时还不知道。(2)What he did last night is being investigated. 他昨天晚上干了些什么正在调查之中。在主语从句中须注意：1. 主语从句一般用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将主语从句放到句末。如：(1)It is possible that he has stolen the car. 很可能他偷了小车。(2)Isnt it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？2. if引导主语从句时，只能用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将if引导的主语从句放到句末。如：It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。3. that引导主语从句放在句首时，that不可省，但在句末口语中可省。如：That he was ill yesterday is known now. 大家都已知道他昨天生了病。4. 连接代词引导主语从句只能放在句首。如；(1)Who has broken the glass is unknown. 谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。(2)What he wants is all here. 他所要的东西都在这里。5. 主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，但what引导主语从句的主句谓语动词的形式须根据句子的意思来判断。如(from )：(1)How he worked it out is still a secret. 他是如何把它做出来的还是一个秘密(2)What they makes in this factory are TV sets. 他们在工厂里所做的东西就是电视机。高一英语名词性从句专项练习1_he does has nothing to do with me. A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_ A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is _makes thing work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as5. This is _the shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C. where D. when6. They have no idea at all_. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone 7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patients fear _he would die of the disease. A. that B. which C. of which D. of that 8. The order came _the soldiers _the small village the next morning. A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave9. _is no possibility _Bob can win the first prize in the match. A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether10. The question came up at the meeting_ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 11. Is _he said really true? A. that B. what C. why D. whether12._the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where13. It worried her a bit _her hair was turning gray. A. while B. if C. that D. for 14. ?_more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. A. Whether B. This C. who D. If 15._he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. A. What B. That C. Whether D. If 16. _you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. That C. Who D. How17._all the inventions have in common is _they have succeeded. A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what 18. _appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much. A. What B. It C. All that D. That19. It is widely _that smoking can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped 20. _caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where主谓一致具体内容：1. 语法结构上的一致。找准主语，谓语动词的单复数由主语的单复数决定。（1）一些不确切的表示比例的修饰词修饰主语时，谓语动词的单复数由主语决定。如：all, most, half, some, many, rest, 40%, 2/3, one third等, none作主语时单复数要看句子结构要求。例句：Half of the water is fresh water.All of my friends like sports.Two thirds of the wood was made in Japan.70% of the students agree.None of the people here is a farmer.（2）表示确切数量的词修饰主语时，主语中心语决定谓语动词，注意neither或either作主语时，谓语动词看作单数。例句：One of the students comes from England.Neither of the girls likes football.（3）主语由more than one 或many a 修饰，虽然表示复数意义，但主语中心语是名词单数，所以谓语动词用单数形式。如果是more than one修饰主语，主语中心语一定是复数，谓语动词则用复数。例句：More than a house has been damaged in the hurricane.More members than one are for you plan.（4）一些主语后会出现介词短语as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等，表示复数意义，但谓语动词单复数只由主语中心语决定。例句：The teacher with her students was excited after the match.Nobody but Sam and Mike was in the classroom.注：如果名词由 every, each, no来修饰，即便结构上表示并列，谓语动词用单数形式。Every girl and every boy likes football.Each member and each waiter of the club is satisfied with the behavior of the boss.（5）有的词组既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，如a lot of, lots of, plenty of,谓语动词单复数由名词决定，但是amounts of, quantities of无论修饰可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词都用复数形式。例句：Plenty of water on the earth is sea water.Amounts of water are used to water flowers.2. 语言意义上的一致有的单词单数形式表示复数意义，有的单词复数形式表示单数意义，还有的单词单复数同型，那就要看在句子中所表达的意义了。（1）集体名词：crowd, people, police, cattle, militia等，单数形式，表示复数意义；然而family, team, group 等集体名词，既可以看作整体，表示单数意义，也可以强调成员，表示复数意义。例句：The police were running after the robber.警方正在追赶那个盗贼。The whole family are watching TV.全家人在看电视。The red team won the game.红队赢得了比赛。（2）形复意单的名词 news, works等和一些学科名词 physics, politics, economics，表达单数含义。例句：The works was translated in 1859.这本著作是1859年翻译的。（3）一些单复数同型的名词means, species, Chinese, Japanese，要分析句子中的具体意义，选择谓语动词的单复数形式。例句：Chinese is a hard-working race. 中华民族是个勤劳的民族。Chinese are hard-working people. 中国人民是勤劳的人民。（4）不定式、动名词或从句做主语时，要看所并列的不定式、动名词或从句所指代的情况是一个整体还是不同情形来选择谓语动词的单复数。例句：Going to bed early and getting up early is good for your health.Where to find him and how to find him is not known to us.To be strict with oneself and to be kind to others are good qualities of a person.3. 就近原则（1）or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also连接的主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于离谓语较近的主语。例句：Not only Tom but also Mary and Helen are from America.The students or their teacher likes the new classroom.（2）there be 句型中，遵循就近原则。例句：There is a book and two pens on the desk.There are two pens and a book on the desk.1. Nobody but Sam and Mike _ in the lab.A. had beenB. isC. were D. are2. Many a man _ to take physical examinations.A. was usedB. was requiredC. want D. who is going t