高考英语选择题解题技巧.docx

高考英语的考试中选择题是最多的，面对选择题当然要比填空题会好选一些，不过如何在四个选项中选择到最佳的答案呢？除了与日常的知识积累有关系，还有其他的一些技巧吗？单项填空题在高考试题中是一种知识考查题,由于这一部分知识覆盖面广,加之每年高考都有若干个陷阱题和难题,使得考生对有些题目望而生畏。本文分析了高考单项填空题的测试特点,具体阐述了这一题型的10种解题技巧,目的是帮助学生掌握这些解题方法,从而轻松答题。第一招:还原法高考命题常以复杂的句型来增加考题的难度,有意给学生造成理解和判断上的困难。面对这种题型,考生要能透过复杂的语言环境,结合语法结构,还原出“庐山真面目”。这样题目就会变得简单,答案就会一目了然。这种结构常为:1)将疑问句还原为陈述句;2)将强调句还原为陈述句;3)将感叹句还原为陈述句;4)将倒装句还原为正常语序;5)将被动语态还原为主动语态。1. 将疑问句还原为陈述句【典型考题】例1: Is this school_ you visited last month?A. one B. the oneC. that D. what【指点迷津】 这是一个一般疑问句,如果不用还原法考生会误把this school分析成定语从句的先行词,反而掉进C项that这个陷进。如果把句子还原成陈述句This school isyou visited last month,考生就可以看出这个定语从句缺少先行词the one和引导词that / which。the one 特指this school, that / which作宾语可以省略。因此答案是B项the one。例2: What have we said _ her so unhappy?A. makes B. to makeC. made D. had made【指点迷津】答案为B。这是一个特殊疑问句,如果把句子还原成We have said what _her so unhappy,显然to make 作结果状语。但如果把该句错还原成What we have said _her so unhappy,就成了主语从句,结果掉进陷阱,误选成C 项made。2. 将强调句还原为陈述句例1: Where did you get to know her?It was on the farm_we worked.(2007年山东卷)A. that B. thereC. which D. where【指点迷津】这是一个强调句型,强调地点状语on the farm。如果把句子还原成陈述句It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her,考生就可以看出on the farm后where引导了一个定语从句,且省略了that I got to know her这一结构,因此答案是D项where。3. 将感叹句还原为陈述句【典型考题】_different life today is_ what it was 30 years ago!A. How; from B. What a; fromC. What; from D. How; with【指点迷津】这是一个感叹句,如果把句子还原成陈述句Life today is different from what it was 30 years ago.再变为感叹句就很容易选出正确答案A项。但是如果本题不用还原法而直接选择则会很容易掉进陷阱B,错选成What a; from。4. 将倒装句还原为正常语序【典型考题】So much of interest _ that most visiters simply run out of time before seeing it all. (2008年上海卷)A. offers BeijingB. Beijing offersC. does Beijing offerD. Beijing does offer【指点迷津】本题考查倒装结构。如果将主句还原为正常语序Beijing offers so much of interesting that .后,可知题干是so . that的倒装句。考点: 在so . that结构中,当so词组位于句首时该主句要用部分倒装,因此答案是C项does Beijing offer。5. 将被动语态还原为主动语态【典型考题】Time should be made good use of _ our lessons well.A. learning B. learnedC. to learn D. learns【指点迷津】 如果将该题还原为主动句We should make good use of timeour lessons well.可以发现介词of有其相应的宾语,其后不能再用动名词learning做宾语,应选C项不定式to learn做目的状语。第二招:添加法高考命题常使用省略句使考生不易看清句子的结构。对于这类试题,可恢复被省略的成分,使句子的结构变得明朗,进而选择出合适的答案。【典型考题】例1: Hey, look where you are going!Oh, Im terribly sorry._. (1999全国卷)A. Im not noticingB. I wasnt noticingC. I havent noticedD. I dont notice【指点迷津】因为省略了时间状语,考生答这类题时好像无处下手。如果添加出隐藏的时间状语,这类句子的答案就一目了然了。Oh, Im terribly sorry. I wasnt noticing when I passed by you.这时考生就不难看出本题应为过去进行时,故答案为B项。第三招:分隔法分隔法是用各类短语、各种从句或谓语动词将两个原来在语法关系上甚为密切的句子成分隔开,这样在很大程度上增加了考生对句子的理解难度。这种方法在定语从句和同位语从句的命题中很多,考生答题时可采用画括号的方法直接确定前面的先行词或中心词。【典型考题】例1: The village has developed a lot _ we learned farming two years ago.(2007年福建卷)A. when B. whichC. that D. where【指点迷津】 本题考查定语从句。先行词the village与定语从句被has developed a lot分隔,where 在从句we learned farming后作地点状语,所以正确答案为D项。第四招:化简法高考命题为了增加句子的难度,命题人常将起干扰作用的定语从句、介词短语或插入语混在句子中,有意给学生造成理解和判断上的困难。如: I think / suppose / believe,do you think / suppose / believe, you know, of course等。考生在答题时可以采取用括号删除这些干扰项的方法,使句子变得更加简单,从而更容易地选出正确答案。【典型考题】例1: John plays football_ , if not better than, David. (1994全国卷)A. as well B. as well asC. so well D. so well as【指点迷津】句中if not better than前后都有逗号,可以当作插入语,先去掉不看,这样题干就成了John plays footballDavid.可以看出这是一个表同等比较的句子,故答案为B项as well as。第五招:突破定势法高考命题人常利用考生熟悉已久的句型结构、固定搭配或者母语为“诱饵”给考生造成假象,考生因为思维定势负迁移的影响,而忽略了题中已经变化的条件或情境,轻而易举选出“正确答案”,结果掉进了陷阱。考生在做这类试题时,要仔细分析句子结构或者句意,以免掉入命题者设计的陷阱。【相似句型】1_.is known to everyboby, light travels much faster than sound.2._is known to everyboby that light travels much faster than sound.3._is known to everyboby is that light travels much faster than sound.A. It B. As C. That D. What【指点迷津】第1题选B,as引导一个非限定性定语从句,as代指后面整个句子;若将逗号改为第2题的that,就选A,it作形式主语,that引导主语从句;若在第3题的that前加is,则应选D,what引导的是主语从句,而that引导的是表语从句。【典型考题】_is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.(2008年福建卷)A. It B. WhatC. As D. Which【指点迷津】该题考查名词性从句。考生易受思维定势的影响误选A或C,误把it当形式主语,或者将题目判断成as is known to sb.的非限制性定语从句,而没有分析清楚is之前是主语从句,what在从句中作主语,所以应选B项。第六招:语境分析法语境即一定的语言环境。近几年的高考题往往自然巧妙地设置一定的语言情境或者故意隐蔽一些有效的信息,以考查考生在特定的语言环境中准确运用语言的能力。这种解题方法适用于情景题和交际题,考生解题时必须依据题干具体情景或交际对话场合、内容来确定符合情理、场景的最佳答案。【典型考题】例1: Tom, you didnt come to the party last night?I_, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.(2007 全国卷)A. had to B. didntC. was going to D. wouldnt【指点迷津】本题考查动词时态的区别。A 项意为“不得不”,B 项意为“不”;C 项意为“本打算做”;D 项意为“不愿意”。根据语境 but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do可知我是本来打算去的,但想起来还有作业要做,显然只有C 项符合语境要求。第七招:语法分析法对基本语法的灵活运用是高考单项填空题考查的主要内容。一些重点的语法如时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、倒装句、复合句等都有严格的运用规律和使用规则。考生在答题时如果能准确地把握该题的语法考点,将会有效地提高解题的速度和得分率。【典型考题】例1: My friend showed me round the town, _ was very kind of him. (2009年全国卷)A. which B. thatC. where D. it【指点迷津】该题考查非限制性定语从句。考生答题时应该先看选项,因为ABC三项都是关系词,可以断定该题考查语法复合句。如果选择that 或it就成了并列句,必须在第二个分句前加并列连词and。关系代词which代指前面的整个句子My friend showed me round the town作从句的主语,而C项where不能作主语,所以正确答案为A项。第八招:寻找标志词法标志词就是“题眼”。抓住了题眼,就能准确判断命题者的意图,缩小思考范围,迅速发现解题突破口,从而准确作答。【典型考题】例1: I had to buy _these books because I dont know which one was the best. (2004年上海卷)A. both B. noneC. neither D. all【指点迷津】本题的标志词是从句中的the best,由最高级the best可知,该题只能选用表示三者以上的词,排除A,C。由于none表示的是否定的意思,所以正确答案只能选择D项all。例2: Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _some schools for poor children. (2001年上海卷)A. set up B. setting upC. have set up D. having set up【指点迷津】本题的标志词是devote . to .,to在该词组中是介词,构成固定搭配devote . to doing sth.,若删去定语从句he had, 答案B项setting up则一目了然,而D项表示非谓语动词having set up的动作发生在谓语动词made up his mind的动作之前,显然与句意不符。第九招:标点符号分析法标点符号在在单项填空题中看似微不足道,但其作用不可忽视:它可以起到表意的作用,使语言更加准确。特别是在定语从句或者非谓语动词作状语的句型中,利用标点符号分析法可以帮助考生迅速找到解题的突破口,从而很容易地得出正确答案。【典型考题】例1: There are eight tips in Dr. Rogers lecture on sleep, and one of them is:_to bed early unless you think it is necessary.(2004年重庆)A. doesnt go B. not to goC. not going D. dont go【指点迷津】 此题很容易误选B,考生误认为是不定式做表语。其实冒号已经表明后面是Dr. Roger讲的原话,应当是个句子,只有选D项dont go才构成一个否定的祈使句。例2: He is always really rude,_is why people tend to avoid him.A. that B. it C. this D. which【指点迷津】此题很容易错选A,因为同学们很熟悉that is why .这个句型,而事实上此题的答案是D。因为两个句子之间是逗号,又无并列连词,因此是用which引导的非限制性定语从句。若句中用并列连词and,答案就可以选A和B了。第十招:句子结构分析法高考单选题在继