当用作主语的成分后面跟有由but.doc

当用作主语的成分后面跟有由but, except, besides, including, like, with, as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, in addition to, combined with, rather than, together with等引出的短语时，谓语动词习惯上要与这些结构前面的主语保持一致（即与比较远的那个主语保持一致，简称“就远原则”）。如：Everybody except you is down on me. 除了你，大家都看不起我。A woman with two children has come. 一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了。John, rather than his roommates, is to blame. 约翰，而不是他的室友，应该受到责备。Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影。My father, no less than I, is a base-ball fan. 我的父亲不亚于我也是个棒球迷。The son, as well as his parents, wants to go there. 不但儿子想去那儿，而且他的父母也想去。The teacher, as well as the students, is interested in the activity. 老师也和同学们一样对这项活动有兴趣。 由or, eitheror, neitheror, not but, not onlybut also等连接的并列成分作主语时，其谓语通常要与靠近的主语保持一致。如：He or I am in the wrong, 他或是我错了。Neither you nor he is tired. 你和他都没累。Not you but I am to blame. 不该怪你而该怪我。Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。但在非正式文体中，有时也一律用复数谓语（注：在考试时最好避免使用）。如：Neither Ted nor Mark are wrong. 特德和马克都没有错。If either David or Janet come, they will want a drink. 大卫或珍妮特来了的话，是会要喝酒的。 表示时间、距离、度量、重量、金额等的复数名词作主语，被看作整体时，谓语动词用单数。如：Twenty years is a long time. 二十年是很长时间。Ten years is a moment in history. 10年在历史上是一瞬间。Forty miles is a long way to walk in a day. 一天走40英里路是够远的。Two kilometers is a long way to go on foot. 步行两千米是一段很长的路程。Ten pounds was missing from the till. 钱柜里的钱丢了10镑。但若与pass, go by等连用，指时间的流逝，或者与spend, waste, pay等连用，指时间或金钱的花费或支付等，谓语动词可以用复数。比较：Twenty years is a long time. 20年是一段很长的时间。（谓语用单数，强调整体）Twenty years have passed since they got married. 他们结婚已有20年了。（用复数谓语，给人一种一年一年来算的感觉）Ten dollars is too much for this old coin. 这个古币没有10块钱这么高的价格。（谓语用单数，强调整体）Three dollars were paid for the old coin. 那个古钱花了3块钱。（谓语用复数，重点放在实际支付的金额数上） 1. the majority表示“大多数”时，为集合名词；单独用作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调个体，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The majority agree agrees with me. 大多数人同意我的意见。The majority was were in favour of the proposal. 多数人赞成这个建议。但是若单独用的 the majority后跟有复数表语，则谓语通常要用复数。如：The majority are young people. 大多数是年轻人。2. “the majority of+复数名词”用作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数，但偶尔也可用单数。如：The majority of his books are kept upstairs. 他的大部分书藏在楼上。The majority of people realize the importance of limiting population growth. 大多数人意识到了限制人口的重要性。The majority of students were was indifferent to the political meeting. 大多数学生对政治集会漠不关心。3. “the majority of+集合名词”用作主语时，谓语动词可用单数（视为整体）或复数（考虑其个体）。如：The vast majority of the population lives live in utter misery. 这里的绝大多数人生活在极度贫困之中。4. “the majority of+不可数名词”用作主语时，谓语动词总是用单数。如：The majority of the work has been finished. 大部分工作已完成。The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 这次的损害大部分容易补救。注：按传统语法，the majority of只用于修饰可数名词复数或具有复数意义的集合名词，但在现代英语中也可用于修饰不可数名词。5. “a majority of+复数名词”用作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。如：A majority of visitors have arrived. 大多数参观者已经到了。A clear majority of voters were in favour of the motion. 绝大多数选民赞成这一动议。A majority of people seem to prefer TV to radio. 大部分人似乎喜欢看电视而不喜欢听收音机。1. jewel有两个意思是，一是表示“宝石”，为可数名词，用作主语时，其后谓语动词的数由jewel的数决定（即jewel为单数，谓语动词用单数；jewel为复数，谓语动词用复数）；二是表示“（镶有宝石的）首饰”，此时通常用复数形式，此时若用作主语，谓语动词通常用复数。如：A jewel has fell off her ring. 他的戒指掉了一颗宝石。The jewels were her personal property. 这些首饰是她的私人财产。2. jewellery（也可写成jewlry）用于表示“珠宝”“首饰”的总称，为不可数名词，只表示单数意义；若用作主语，谓语动词通常用单数。如：All her jewellery was in pawn. 她所有的珠宝首饰都典当了。Her sparkling jewellery serves as the perfect foil for her fine complexion. 她戴着闪闪生辉的首饰，更显得容貌姣好。 generation的意思是“一代（人）”，为集合名词；用作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调个体，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Each generation has its own standards of judgement. 每一代都有它自己的判断标准。My generation behaves differently from my fathers and grandfathers. 我这一代人和我父辈及祖辈表现不同。The older generation have a different set of values. 老一辈人有一套不同的价值观。在许多情况下，谓语用单数或复数均可以。如：The younger generation smoke smokes less than their parents did. 年轻一代比他们的父辈抽烟抽得少。 crew表示飞机或轮船的全体工作人员时，是集合名词。用作主语时，若视为整体，谓语用单数；若考虑其个体，谓语用复数。如：The crew is large. 工作人员众多。The crew of the plane are ten in all. 这架飞机的机组人员一共10人。The crew are paid to do all the work on the ship. 船员被雇佣在船上工作。若crew受到some of, most of, many of等的修饰，谓语要用复数。如：The ship was wrecked, and most of the crew were drowned. 那艘船意外遇难，大部分船员都淹死了。另外，crew本身通常不用复数，除非是表示不同船或不同飞机的全体工作人员，此时若用作主语，谓语要用复数。 couple表示“夫妇”“夫妻”且用作主语时，谓语动词可用单数（视为整体，尤其是当有each, every, only one等修饰时）或复数（考虑其个体）。如：The couple were married last week. 这一对夫妇是上星期结的婚。Each couple was asked to complete a form. 要求每对夫妇填一张表。有时语境上不明确强调个体还是整体，则用单数或复数均可：The couple is are spending its their honeymoon. 这对新婚夫妻在度蜜月。另外，couple还可表示“一些”“几个”，此时表示复数意义，用作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。如：我的几个朋友准备开办一个旅行社。误：A couple of my friends is going to open a travel agency.正：A couple of my friends are going to open a travel agency. 当从句用作主语时，主句的谓语动词通常用单数。如：That he is still alive is a wonder. 他还活着，真是奇迹。That we shall be late is certain. 我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。What she lacks is experience. 她缺的是经验。What he says is not important. 他说的话并不重要。Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。When we arrive doesnt matter. 什么时候到没有关系。How it was done was a mystery. 这是怎样做的是一个谜。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。Who he is doesnt concern me. 他是谁与我无关。Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine. 违反本法者应予以罚款。若用作主语的是what引导的从句，且其后为系表结构，此时需注意以下两点：1. 若表语为复数，主句谓语通常用复数。如：What I want are details. 我要的是细节()。What is needed are rational and firm actions. 所需要的是合理的坚决的行动。2. 若what从句中的what表复数意义，则主句谓语动词要用复数。如：His muscles were wasting away, and what were left were flabby. 他的肌肉正在消耗，所剩下的就是松弛的皮肉。we each等作主语时，谓语动词应用复数，因为当we each作主语时，真正的主语是we，其后的each是修饰we的同位语。如：We each have a map. 我们每人都有一张地图。We each think the same. 我们大家想到一起了。We each know how the other is getting along. 我们每人都知道对方的情况。类似地，当they each, the children each, the teachers each等用作主语时，谓语动词也应用复数，而非单数。如：They each have their own share. 他们每人都有一份。They each were fitted with a barred door. 它们每个都装有带门闩的门。The plans each have certain advantages and disadvantages. 这些计划各有其优点和缺点。minority表示“少数”时，为集合名词；单独用作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调个体，谓语动词用复数形式（具体用法与majority大致同相）。如：The minority is subordinate to the majority. 少数服从多数。Only a minority of people support these new laws. 只有少数人支持这些新法令。The nation wants peace; only a minority want the war to continue. 全国希望和平，只有少数人希望战争继续下去。Only a minority of British households do does not have a car. 英国只有少数家庭没有汽车。1. 若表示“管理层”“管理人员”，为集合名词；用作主语时，谓语动词可用单数（视为整体）或复数（考虑其个体）。如：The management is having talks with the workers. 管理人员正在和工人谈判。The management want all the employees to be punctual. 管理阶层要求所有职员准时。The management was were in favor of the plan. 经理部赞成这个计划。2. 若表示“管理”，为不可数名词，用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Poor management sank the project. 管理不善导致这个项目失败。School management is often too detached from the classroom. 学校管理往往太脱离课堂。一、必须用复数的情形police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口), clothes(衣服)等集合名词作主语时，谓语总是用复数。如：My clothes were soaked. 我的衣服都湿透了。The police are looking into the complaint. 警察在了解这项投诉。Too few people are interested in such music nowadays. 如今对这种音乐有兴趣的人太少了。二、必须用单数的情形clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等不可数的集合名词用作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。如：Furniture is chiefly made of wood. 家具主要是由木材制造。Poetry was blooming in China in the Tang dynasty. 中国的诗歌在唐代十分盛行。3. 可用单数或复数的情形family(家庭)，team(队员)，class(班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词用作主语时，其谓语既可用单数，也可用复数：当它们被视为整体时，谓语用单数；当它们强调个体时，谓语用复数。如()：My family is very large. 我家人很多。(视为整体)His family are waiting for him. 他家里人在等他。(强调个体成员)注：有时没有特定的上下文，用单数或复数谓语区别不大。如：The public are is requested not to leave litter in the park.要求公众在公园不要乱扔东西。 请看下面两道题：a. The rest of the boys _ watching TV.b. The rest of the money _ stolen.A. were，were B. was，were C. were，was D. was，was此题应选 C。all，most，some，half，percent，the rest等词语后接介词of再接名词用作主语时，若该名词为可数名词的复数形式，则其谓语要用复数形式; 若该名词为不可数名词或可数名词的单数形式，则其谓语要用单数形式()：1. a. Most of the apples are bad. 这些苹果当中大部分是坏的。b. Most of the apple is bad. 这个苹果坏了一大部分。c. Most of the time was spent on it. 这上面花了大部分时间。2. a. Half of the buildings were destroyed in the fire. 有一半的楼房在大火中被毁。b. Half of the building was destroyed in the fire. 这座大楼在大火中有一半被毁。c. Half of the money was spent on food. 有一半的钱用来买食物。3. a. 30 percent of the workers here are women. 这里的工人有30%是女性。b. 30 percent of the work has been done. 有 30% 的工作已完成。c. 30 percent of the wall has been painted. 墙壁有30%已被刷漆。 有这样一道题：We Chinese _ a hard-working people.A. is B. are C. is being D. are being此题应选B。这里考生要注意的是：我们通常说的是主谓一致(即谓语与主语保持一致)，而不是表谓一致(即不是谓语与表语一致)，本题意为：我们中国人是一个勤劳的民族。注意以下类似例子()：These two dictionaries are a present for my best friend Jim. 这两本词典是我送给我最好朋友吉姆的礼物。The planets were the object of his study. 这些行星是他研究的目标。The most important thing I need is books. 我需要的最重要的东西是书。The countrys leading export is watches. 这个国家的主输出品是手表。The best part of the meal is the coffee and cookies. 这餐饭最好的部分是咖啡和饼干。但是有些主语由于本身具有单数和复数两种可能，它的谓语到底用单数还是复数，要看具体的语境(多数情况是看其后面词语的单复数)：1. a. Who is your brother? 谁是你的兄弟?b. Who are your brothers? 哪些是你的兄弟?2. a. What he said is quite correct. 他所说的完全 正确。b. What he left me are only a few old books. 他 给我留下的只是几本旧书。 这类并列主语中谓语应与哪个保持一致？你知道吗？You or he _ to blame._ you or he to blame?A. is，Is B. are，Are C. is，Are D. are，Is此题应选C。在通常情况下，两个并列主语由or，either.or，neither.nor，not.but，not only.but (also)等连接时，其谓语通常与第二个主语(即临近的一个主语) 保持一致：1. One or two days _ enough to see the city.A. is B. are C. am D. be2. Neither my wife nor I myself _ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.A. is B. are C. am D. be3. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.A. is B. are C. am D. be4. Not the teacher，but the students _ looking forward to seeing the film.A. is B. are C. am D. be注意在疑问句中则通常与第一个主语 (即临近的一个主语)保持一致：a. You or he is to blame. 你或他有一人要受责备。b. Are you or he to blame? 受责备的是你还是他?顺便说一句，在现代英语中用neither.nor，either.or等连接主语时也可一律用复数(但考生在应试时应避免)。答案：1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B谓语应该跟主语一致还是跟表语一致，请看下面一题：We Chinese _ a hard-working people. A. is B. are C. is being D. are being此题应选B。这里考生要注意的是：我们通常说的是主谓一致(即谓语与主语保持一致)，而不是表谓一致(即不是谓语与表语一致)，本题意为：我们中国人是一个勤劳的民族。注意以下类似例子：These two dictionaries are a present for my best friend Jim. 这两本词典是我送给我最好朋友吉姆的礼物。The planets were the object of his study. 这些行星是他研究的目标。The most important thing I need is books. 我需要的最重要的东西是书。The countrys leading export is watches. 这个国家的主输出品是手表。The best part of the meal is the coffee and cookies. 这餐饭最好的部分是咖啡和饼干。但是有些主语由于本身具有单数和复数两种可能，它的谓语到底用单数还是复数，要看具体的语境(多数情况是看其后面词语的单复数)：1. a. Who is your brother? 谁是你的兄弟?b. Who are your brothers? 哪些是你的兄弟?2. a. What he said is quite correct. 他所说的完全正确。b. What he left me are only a few old books. 他 给我留下的只是几本旧书。 means 表单数意义还是复数意义? 用作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数？如：All possible means _ been tired.Every possible means _ been tired.A. have，have B. has，has C. have，has D. has，have此题应选C。名词means(方法)的单复数同形，用作主语时，其谓语的单复数要视具体含义而定：1. 如果means与all，such，these，those等词连用，则其含义应该是复数：These means are very good. 这些方法很好。Such means sound interesting，but in fact theyreimpossible. 那样的方法听起来有趣，但实际上是不可能的。2. 如果means与a，such a，this，that，every等词连用，则其含义应该是单数：Such a means is really unpleasant. 这样的方法确实是令人不愉快。There is an effective means of doing it. 做此事有一种很有效的方法。3. 有时从句意和上下文无法确定means 到底是单数还是复数，则其谓语用单数或复数均可以：做这事还有其他的什么办法吗?正：Are there any other means of doing it?正：Is there any other means of doing it?没有好的方法。正：There is no good means.正：There are no good means. 请看两个句子：More than one boy _ read the story.More boys than one _ read the story.A. have，have B. has，has C. have，has D. has，have此题应选D。该题很容易误选A，认为既然more than one意为“不只一个”(多个)，那么其谓语就应该用复数。 其实more than one 用作主语时，谓语通常要用单数(要从形式一致来考虑)。more than one用作主语时，要注意以下两个结构：“more than one+单数名词”用作主语，其谓语通常用单数(即从形式考虑)“more+复数名词+than one”用作主语，其谓语通常要用复数也就是说，以上结构中名词的数决定其后动词的数。不只一个学生受到惩罚。正：More than one student was punished.正：More students than one were punished.类似以上用法的还有：many a+单数名词(意为：许多)，用作主语，谓语用单数(即从形式一致考虑)many+复数名词(意为：许多)，用作主语，谓语要用复数也就是说，以上结构中名词的数决定其后动词的数。很多小孩在那儿玩。正：Many a child was playing there.正：Many children were playing there.请看两个句子：Every boy and girl _ the film.Each boy and girl _ the film.A. likes，likes B. like，like C. likes，like D. like，likes此题应选A。该题容易误选B，认为主语部分含有 boy 和girl 两部分，应该用复数。其实当两个并列主语受到 each，every，no等词修饰时，其谓语通常要用单数：Each boy and (each) girl was in white. 每个男孩和女孩都穿着白衣服。Every man and woman was interested in it. 每一个男人和女人都对此感兴趣。Each book and each paper was in proper place. 每本书和每张报纸都摆放得井井有条。Every man and (every) woman in the village knows this. 这个村子里的男男女女都知道这事。Every boy and every girl is given an apple. 每个男孩和每个女孩都被发给一个苹果。No teacher and (no) student was present. 没有一个老师和学生出席。He listened carefully，but no sound and no voice was heard. 他仔细地听，但是没听到一点声音。请看这道考查主谓一致的考题：A library wit five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift.A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered【分析】此题应选A。用连词and连接的两个并列主语，其谓语要用复数，但是若主语后跟有with，like，but，except，besides，including，together with，along with，as well as，more than，no less than，rather than等连接的另一个名词，其谓通常要与前面一个主语保持一致：1. Nobody but Betty and Mary _ late for class yesterday.A. was B. were C. has been D. have been2. A woman with some children _ soon.A. is coming B. are coming C. has come D. have come3. No one except my parents _ anything about this.A. know B. knows C. is known D. are known4. The teacher as well as the students _ the book already.A. has read B. have read C. are reading D. is reading5. All but one _ in the accident.A. was killed B. were killed C. will be killed D. are killed答案：1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B当one in或one out of用作主语时，其后谓语动词通常用单数，因为真正用作主语的是one。如：Only one in ten students has passed the examination. 只有十分之一的学生通过了考试。One out of twelve bottles was broken. 每12个瓶子中有一个破了。但是，在非正式文体中有时也用复数谓语。如：Nationwide, one in five adults are illiterate. 就全国范围而言，五个成年人中有一个是文盲。将近百分之七十的资金由政府提供。误：Nearly 70% of the fund were supplied by the Government.正：Nearly 70% of the fund was supplied by the Government.析：“数词percent of名词”作主语时，其谓语的数原则上与该结构中名词的数保持一致(这也是各级考试常遵循的原则)，比较：About 30 percent of the pupils were absent that day. 那天大约有30%的学生迟到。注：在现代英语中，有时即使以上结构中的名词为复数, 其谓语也可用单数(即将其视为 整体)，如：Over sixty per cent of families own owns a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已拥有电视机。现在大分部分教科书都有插图。误：A large percentage of schoolbooks now has pictures.正：A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.析：“a large (small) percentage of名词”结构用作主语时, 其谓语的数原则上与该结构中名词的数保持一致。比较：Only a small percentage of the money is mine. 这笔钱当中只有一少部分是我的。注：若其中的名词为表示可数意义的集合名词，则其谓语根据情况可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)，如：What percentage of the population read(s) books? 识字的人占人口的百分之几?1. 单数型：someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing等复合不定代词作主语，谓语用单数；either, neither, each, little, much 等不定代词作主语时，谓语也用单数。如：Nothing is yet certain. 一切都还没有肯定。Neither was satisfactory. 两者都不使人满意。No one goes to the school during the vacation. 假期时没人到学校去。2. both, few, several, many作主语：此时谓语要用复数。如：Few of them are any good. 它们没有几个有用。Many have given their lives in the cause of truth. 为了真理许多人献出了生命。3. all 作主语：若指人，谓语用复数；若指事物或现象，谓语通常用单数。如：All are equal before the law. 法律面前，人人平等。All is well that ends well. 结局好一切都好。注：若all 后修饰有其他名词或接有“of+名词”，则其谓语与其中名词的数保持一致。All (of) the money is mine. 所有这些钱都是我的。All (of) his friends are poor. 他所有的朋友都很穷。4. none (of) 作主语：若指不可数名词，谓语用单数；若指复数可数名词，谓语可用单数(较正式)或复数(非正式)。如：None of the rooms are ready. 房间一个也没准备好。None of this milk can be used. 这牛奶一点都不能用了。None of the telephones is are working. 没有一部电话中是好的。5. the rest 作主语：指不可数名词时谓语用单数，指可数名词时谓语用复数。如：The rest of the money is yours. 剩余的钱归你。The rest are arriving later. 其他人稍候就到。 一、“the+形容词”作主语时，若指一类人，则谓语用复数。如：The young are mostly ambitious. 年轻人多半有雄心。The sick and the wounded were sent home. 伤病员都送回家了。The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. 富者愈富，贫者愈贫。The injured were carried away on stretchers. 用担架把受伤的人抬走了。The old are more likely to catch cold than the young. 老年人比年轻人更容易感冒。二、若指个别或抽象概念，谓语用单数。如：The beautiful is not always the useful. 美的并不总是有用的。The unknown is always something to be feared. 未知的东西总是一种令人害怕的东西。The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true. 美未必是善，善未必是真。注：有个别的“the+形容词”结构既表示单数意义，也表示复数意义，若用作主语，谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。如：the good 指“好人”时表复数意义，指“善”时表单数意义；the accused 指一名被告时表单数意义，指多名被告时表复数意义。比较：The accused was acquitted of the charge. 被告被宣告无罪。(指一人)The accused were acquitted of the charge. 被告均被宣告无罪。(指多人) many a的意思是“许多”，more than one的意思是“不止一个”，从意义上，它们表示复数，