世界非物质文化遗产古琴中英文.ppt

世界非物质文化遗产,Guqin Arts the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity,In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.,A Brief Introduction,The guqin is a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family. It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favored by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement, as highlighted by the quote “a gentleman does not part with his qin or se without good reason,“ as well as being associated with the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is sometimes referred to by the Chinese as “the father of Chinese music“ or “the instrument of the sages“.（古琴音乐也被誉为“国乐之父”、“圣人音乐”） The guqin is not to be confused with the guzheng, another Chinese long zither also without frets, but with moveable bridges under each string. Because Robert Hans van Guliks famous book about the qin is called The Lore of the Chinese Lute, the guqin is sometimes inaccurately called a lute.Other incorrect classifications, mainly from music compact discs, include “harp“ or “table-harp“.,概述,古琴，又称瑶琴、玉琴、丝桐和七弦琴，是中国汉族传统拨弦乐器，有三千年以上历史，属于八音中的丝。古琴音域宽广，音色深沉，余音悠远。 自古“琴”为其特指，19世纪20年代起为了与钢琴区别而改称古琴。初为5弦，汉朝起定制为7弦，且有标志音律的13个徽，亦为礼器和乐律法器。琴是汉文化中地位最崇高的乐器，有“士无故不撤琴瑟”和“左琴右书”之说。位列中国传统文化四艺“琴棋书画”之首，被文人视为高雅的代表，亦为文人吟唱时的伴奏乐器，自古以来一直是许多文人必备的知识和必修的科目。伯牙、钟子期以“高山流水”而成知音的故事流传至今；琴台被视为友谊的象征。大量诗词文赋中有琴的身影。 现存琴曲3360多首，琴谱130多部，琴歌300首。主要流传范围是中华文化圈国家和地区，如中国、朝鲜、日本和东南亚，而欧洲、美洲也有琴人组织的琴社。古琴作为中国最早的弹拨乐器，是汉族文化中的瑰宝，是人类口头和非物质遗产代表作。,Guqin and the Guqin Arts,In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. 2003年11月7日，中国古琴艺术继昆曲之后，入选世界“人类口头和非物质遗产代表作”名录，有着3000年悠久历史的古琴艺术的突出价值再次得到了世界公认。 古琴，是物，它不是非物质文化遗产；古琴演奏家，是人，也不是非物质文化遗产；只有古琴的发明、制作、弹奏技巧、曲调谱写、演奏仪式、传承体系、思想内涵等等，才是非物质文化遗产本体。所以，联合国批准的世界遗产是“中国古琴艺术”，而不是古琴这个乐器或那些古琴演奏家，虽然古琴这种乐器和那些演奏家们都很重要。,The Shape(CONSTRUCTION),According to tradition, the qin originally had five strings, representing the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth. Later, in the Zhou dynasty, Zhou Wen Wang added a sixth string to mourn his son. His successor, Zhou Wu Wang, added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang. The thirteen hui on the surface represent the 13 months of the year (the extra 13th is the leap month in the lunar calendar). The surface board is round to represent Heaven and the bottom board flat to represent earth. The entire length of the qin (in Chinese measurements) is 3 chi, 6 cun and 5 fen; representing the 365 days of the year (though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the periods measurement standard or the makers preference). Each part of the qin has meaning, some more obvious,其形,古琴造型优美，常见的为伏羲式、神农式、仲尼式、列子式、连珠式、落霞式、灵机式、蕉叶式等。主要是依琴体的项、腰形制的不同而有所区分。琴漆有断纹，它是古琴年代久远的标志。由于长期演奏的振动和木质、漆底的不同，可形成多种断纹，如梅花断、牛毛断、蛇腹断、冰裂断、龟纹等。有断纹的琴，琴音透澈、外表美观，所以更为名贵。古代名琴有绿绮、焦尾、春雷、冰清、大圣遗音、九霄环佩等。 琴一般长约三尺六寸五（约120125公分），象征一年三百六十五天（一说象周天365度）。一般宽约六寸（20公分左右）。一般厚约二寸（6公分左右）。琴体下部扁平，上部呈弧形凸起，分别象征天地,与古时的天圆地方之说相应和。整体形状依凤身形而制成，其全身与凤身相应（也可说与人身相应），有头、颈、肩、腰、尾、足。 古琴最初只有五根弦，内合五行，金、木、水、火、土；外合五音，宫、商、角、徵、羽。后来文王囚于羑（yu）里，思念其子伯邑考，加弦一根，是为文弦；武王伐纣，加弦一根，是为武弦。合称文武七弦琴。,其神,在中国古代社会漫长的历史阶段中，”琴、棋、书、画”历来被视为文人雅士修身养性的必由之径。古琴因其清、和、淡、雅的音乐品格寄寓了文人风凌傲骨、超凡脱俗的处世心态，而在音乐、棋术、书法、绘画中居于首位。 “琴者，情也；琴者，禁也。”吹箫抚琴、吟诗作画、登高远游、对酒当歌成为文人士大夫生活的生动写照。 古琴，蕴含着丰富而深刻的文化内涵，千百年来一直是中国古代文人、士大夫手中爱不释手的器物。特殊的身份使得琴乐在整个中国音乐结构中属于具有高度文化属性的一种音乐形式。“和雅”、“清淡”是琴乐追求的审美情趣，“味外之旨、韵外之致、弦外之音”是琴乐深远意境的精髓所在。,The Inheritance（Tablature and notation）,An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript, dated to the seventh century CE, called Jieshi Diao Youlan （碣石调幽兰）. It is written in a longhand form called wenzi pu (文字谱) which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters. Later in the Tang dynasty, Cao Rou and others simplified the notation, using only the important elements of the characters and combined them into one character notation. This meant that instead of having two lines of written text to describe a few notes, a single character could represent one note, or sometimes as many as nine. This notation form was called jianzi pu (减字谱) and it was a major advance in qin notation. It was so successful that from the Ming dynasty onwards, a great many qinpu (琴谱) appeared, the most famous and useful being “Shenqi Mipu“ (The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature) compiled by Zhu Quan, the 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty.,传承,记谱法 1文字谱：为一篇详细说明弹奏法的文字，不直接记音高和节奏。今世仅存的文字谱为南朝梁丘明所传的碣石调幽兰，现存于日本东京国立博物馆。现今演奏的碣石调幽兰就是根据该谱打出的。 2减字谱：相传为唐代曹柔根据文字谱简化、缩写而成。减字谱的每一字块为由汉字减少笔画后组合而成的复合字。这种谱式主要只记指法动作和弦序、徽位而不记音高和节奏，所以属于指法谱（Tablature）。 历代琴书 汉代最重要的琴谱琴书：扬雄琴清英、诸葛亮的琴经。 现存最早的大型古琴曲集：明初朱权编辑的神奇秘谱（1425）。 古琴打谱，是指按照琴谱弹出琴曲的过程。由于琴谱并不直接记录乐音，只是记明弦位和指法，其节奏又有较大的伸缩余地。因此，打谱者必须熟悉琴曲的一般规律和演奏技法，揣摩曲情，进行再创造，力求再现原曲的本来面貌。 打谱非常费时，所以琴界用“大曲三年，小曲三月”来形容这个过程。 Transcription ：Dapu (打譜) is the transcribing of old tablature into a playable form.,The Schools and The Societies,Many qin schools known as qin pai developed over the centuries. Such schools generally formed around areas where qin activity was greatest. There is a difference between qin schools and qin societies. The former concerns itself with transmission of a style, the latter concerns itself with performance. The qin society will encourage meetings with fellow qin players in order to play music and maybe discuss the nature of the qin. Gatherings like this are called yajis, or “elegant gatherings“, which take place once every month or two.,流派,琴文化本身就是一种非常个性化的艺术，不同地域、不同师承的琴家的风格彼此都不相同。同一地域、同一师承的琴家的风格也是各有特点而不尽相同。同一曲目，不同的琴家就会有不同的理解，而形成不同的风格。 所以，在琴的领域，也同样有流派之说。 所谓流派，是指学术、文艺方面的派别。 这里所说的派别，是指依照共同的义理或风格而探讨学习的不同的群体。 琴文化领域，也和其他学术领域一样，存在着多种艺术观点和演奏风格。 琴家们各自遵循某些共同琴道观点和风格，而形成一定的琴家群体，就是所谓琴派。 同一琴派中的所谓共同特点，一般取决于地方色彩、师承渊源、本派所依据的传谱、琴学观点及基本演奏风格。,名派略览,派 名：蜀山派、川派、蜀派 形成时期：汉代 创 始 人：司马相如 主要风格：峻急奔放，气势宏伟。 代表人物：司马相如、扬雄、诸葛亮、姜维、苏轼、