2018年高考英语二轮复习专题07阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题讲含解析.docx

专题7 阅读理解：篇章结构题【构建知识体系】篇章结构题考点 段落层次、写作方法和行文走势2012-2017年全国高考本专题考查分布明细统计年份篇章结构篇目题号主题体裁201702016020150201402013020121全国卷，D过度学习议论文【考纲解读】考试大纲要求考纲解读要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。【剖析全国高考真题】预测高考命题方向2012全国卷，DGrown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins Twinkle, twinkle, little star or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as Twinkle, twinkle, little star and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for ones future development. 68.The author explains the law of over learning by_.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples 【答案】68. D【解析】【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，很少出现此类题型，但这一题型在地方高考和模拟试题中时有出现，因此不排除2017年全国高考试题可能会设置1道篇章结构题，考查考生对整个篇章或其中的某个段落结构和脉络的把握。题型设置主要是让考生分析某一段落或全文的结构或写作方法，也可能让考生试着猜测紧接着最后一段可能会写什么内容。【精讲研法】课堂讲解突破核心考点考点 篇章结构题【例1】According to sociologists(社会学家)，every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层)Class，power and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society.Class means a persons economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class，middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well.One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class.Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.Obviously，people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使) big power，but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however.For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding(相应的) economic class.Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge，there arent too many people who arent millionaires in the US.Senate!Status is the honor or respect attached to a persons position in society.It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so.For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.(2013陕西，C)56Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?(P：Paragraph)【答案】A【例2】Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins Twinkle, twinkle, little star or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as Twinkle, twinkle, little star and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for ones future development. （2012全国卷，D） 68.The author explains the law of over learning by_.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples 【答案】68. D【解析】【例3】The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the worlds supply of water.With 97% of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture，the worldwide supply of water needs careful management，especially in agriculture.Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺) seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country，many of the worlds agriculture industries experience constant water shortages.Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons，the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high.Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself，but there is also an environmental cost to be considered.Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams，houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed.Besides，water may flow easily through pipes to fields，but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other.Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation(灌溉).In Texas，farmers overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores.In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA，a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys，but much of the water use has been poorly managed.Saudi Arabias attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas，such reserves can only decrease，and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry. （2010安徽卷，E）74.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?A.Steps to improve water use management.B.Ways to reduce the costs of building dams.C.Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages.D.Approaches to handle the pressure on water supply.【答案】A规律方法： 如何分析段落层次段落层次、写作方法和行文走势？解答此类题目首先要了解文章结构，从段落组织方式上看，有三种形式：总分式结构(总分总；总分；分总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)。要想准确深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是把握段与段之间的逻辑关系，然后分析作者采用了什么论证手段（举例、比较、类比等）证明主题，从而正确解答试题。近几年还有些试题考查全文或某一段落是以什么样的形式展开论述的，一般来说有的按事情发展的顺序，有的按时间的先后顺序，有的按人物的活动内容，还有的按地点或空间的位置变换，阅读时要特别注意。【变式精练】 The main reason people come to America is said to be that they can chase the American Dream. Everyone has heard of it, and many have died fighting for it. The only thing is that there is no clear definition of the American Dream. It is not defined by one dream, but by all the opportunities that the United States offers. Since the founding of the United States, people have been striving to define the American Dream. In the play Death of a Salesman, every character is trying to realize his own version of the American Dream. Willy feels that he has done so. He has spent his whole life as a not very successful salesman. As he gets older, he starts having conflicts with everyone in his life, and feels that only by killing himself will the people around him be able to finally be happy. Bernard, on the other hand, feels that the American Dream can only be achieved through career success. He shows that through hard work and dedication he will be crowned with success. The dialogue of the characters reveals the different attitudes they have toward the American Dream, and the reaction of Willy to the fact that Bernard is very successful while he is not. Many people try to achieve the American Dream, but few actually do so. As with any goal, it takes hard work and dedication to achieve the American Dream. In Death of a Salesman, all aspects of this goal are examined. For the goal to be achieved, the dream must be an attainable one which is worth working toward. It also must be a dream that the professional world accepts and finds useful.What would be the correct structure of the text?【方法指导】文章的基本结构是高考阅读测试的目标之一。从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。A篇章结构主要的设题方式常有： （1）How is the passage organized?（2）Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage? （3）What will the author most probably talk about next?（4）The author develops the passage mainly by _.（5）The first paragraph serves as a（n）_.（6）The example of is given to show/illustrate that_.B篇章结构主要的解题策略常有：（1）了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构（总分；总分总；分总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）。（2）了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： Put forward a question Analyze the question Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/idea Evidence conclusion/ restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。（3）了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。（2011安徽卷，B） Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources(来源)，as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills(风车) began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s，when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.For man