2012年10月学位英语语法考点精讲.doc

2012年10月学位英语语法考点精讲题型介绍：部分项目内容题型题量总分阅读理解3篇文章单项选择1530词语用法和语法结构30个单句单项选择3030挑错10个单句单项选择1010完型填空1篇短文单项选择2010翻译10个单句5个英译汉5个汉译英1020总计85100推荐书目：北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试词汇必备-刘本政北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试辅导（第三版）-常红梅语法结构冠词在复数姓氏前加定冠词the，表示一家人，看成复数。用于形容词之前表示一类人或事物，看成复数：the poor,the false.在乐器名称前 play the piano； 名词名词单复数复合名词通常把-s加在复合名词的中心词上 Brother-in-law-brothers-in-law将复合名词的后一个词变为复数 Boy-friend-boy-friends 两个部分都变为复数，尤其是指性别时 woman teacher-women teachers名词的格 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间） John and Marys room（一间） a/an + 名词of+名词性所有格:Sorry, I dont know he is a friend of _. A. your brother B. your brothers C. your brothers friend D. your brothers形容词和副词形容词与副词的比较级 常见的双音节或多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级asas 结构as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 在否定句或疑问句中可用so as。例如： He cannot run so/as fast as you. 用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.可修饰比较级的词常用的有a little, rather, much, far等 .Nanjing is a little/rather/much/far/ hotter than Shanghai. the + 最高级 + 比较范围 The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 和more有关的词组 the morethe more 越越。例如： The harder you work，the greater progress youll make. suchthat和 so that 的用法：They are _students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations. A. so diligent B. such diligent C. so much diligent D. such very diligentHe was _ fat that he couldnt get through the door. A. so B. how C. such D. much动词的时态时态是最基本的语法知识，也是考试中经常涉及到的内容。考生需要掌握各种时态的基本构成和用法；做题时注意寻找句中的时间状语，或根据上下文确定动作发生的时间，同时注意时态的特殊用法。一般现在时考试重点：在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as, the moment，when, till ,if，unless ,once, as long as 等。Once you _ the theory, you will have no further difficulty.A. understand B. will understand C. understood D. have understoodWhen the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated改错：I cant go to your birthday party unless my father will agree. 普遍的真理用一般现在时。由于是众所周知的客观事实， 所以一般不用时间状语。此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。Columbus proved that the earth is round.The teacher said that the Yellow River _ the second largest river in China.A was B is C would be D had been一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态： 常和过去时间状语连用：just now, last year, an hour ago 等。Youve already missed too many classes this term .You _two classes just last week. A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed 考试重点：used to do sth ：过去常常做be used to doing sth: 习惯于做某事He _ in the south. Now he has been _ in the south.A. used to live; used to the lifeB. used to living; used to live C. used to the life; used to livingD. used to life; used to liveIt is high time (that )句型中， 谓语动词用过去时（虚拟语气的用法）Dont you think it is time you _smoking? A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up 一般将来时考试重点：计划中即将发生的动作用进行时可表示将来。I wont be free Friday morning. I _ a friend off.A am seeing B shall be seen C have seen D shall have seen 进行时考试重点：一些表示状态和感觉的动词（静态动词）一般不用进行时态如hate , like , love , believe, think , look ，mind ，have ， seem , remain , require 等。现在完成时考试重点：现在完成时：表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去。常和already , lately, recently, in the past few months , so far , yet 等状语连用。（already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。）English _ in a new way at my college in the past few years. A has been teaching B was being taught C has been taught D had been taughtsince+时间点+过去时for+时间段+完成时No one can possibly recall any detail about the meeting. It is at least five years since it _.A had taken place B was taken place C took place D was taking place.英语中有些动词是点动词，不能延续， 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的点动词有begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry等。He has _the army for ten years and is now an officer. A. gone into B. joined in C. been in D. come intohave (has) been to 和 have (has)gone to 的差别have (has )been to ：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历）， 可以和once, twice, often , never ,ever 连用。have (has) gone to ： 去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地， 在去某地的路途上或已在某地， 所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称）。Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library . .has gone . went .will go. has been 在“This/It is the first time+从句” 和 “It/This is +形容词最高级+名词+从句 结构中，后面的从句用现在完成时。By no means _to her parentsA. this is the first time has she liedB. this is the first time does she tell a lieC. is this the first time she has liedD. is this the first time she was lying过去完成时表示从过去某一时间开始， 一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。The chemistry class _for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on B. was on C. has been on D. would be on被动语态被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，其中“过去分词”不会发生任何变化，而助动词be要根据主语的人称、数和时态进行变化。考试重点：及物动词或起及物动词作用的动词短语才能有被动语态。The children are well looked after.感官动词及使役动词（如：see, feel , hear, watch, make）在主动语态中用无to 不定式做宾补，变被动动语态时要加to。Because of many mistakes, she was made _ these letters again.A type B to typing C typed D to type用主动表示被动的含义。常用：need/require +doing sth (=to be done) (此句型主语大多为物)It is hot and dry; the flowers need_.A being wateredB be wateredC to waterD to be watered少数几个不及物动词如clean, read, sell, wash等以及表示状态或特征的系动词如appear, prove, seem, sound等用主动语态表达被动意义。The book _ well.A is sold B sells C has been sold D sell情态动词考试重点：情态动词+完成时must +现在完成时：表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it _ last night.A must rain B was raining C must have rainedD may rainshould (ought to )+完成时： 表示应该做的事情而没有做， 否定式表示不该做的事情却做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。You ought _ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.A to report B to have reportedC to reporting D have reportedcould +完成时：表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜， 遗憾。He gave up a career that _ to his final success.A could have led B would lead C should have led D must lead 虚拟语气基本形式：用法If 从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式would (should/could/might) +动词原形与过去事实相反had+ 过去分词would (should/could/might) +have+过去分词将来不可能实现的情况were to / should+动词原形would (should/could/might) +动词原形省略if而采用倒装语序的情况在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含were , had, should等词， 则可以把这些词放到主语前面， 省略if。_you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized含蓄条件句有的时间，假设情况并不是通过条件从句来表示，还可以用介词短语、上下文或其他方式来表示，其谓语动词也常常需要用虚拟语气。常用介词或介词短语有with, without, but for，otherwise, or.But for the help of my English teacher, I would not win（would have won） the first prize in the English Writing Competition.在具有愿望、请示、建议、命令等主观愿望的动词后的宾语从句中，需要用虚拟语气，形式为should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。常用的这类动词： insist（坚持），require（要求），request（要求）， suggest（建议），propose（建议）， recommend（建议）， order（命令），command（命令，demand（要求），advise(忠告).Father insisted that the homework _before ten in the evening.A、is to be finished B、ought to be finishedC、be finished D、had to be finishedIt is time (high time) that 该做某事了。谓语动词用过去时Dont you think it is time you _ smocking?A give up B gave up C would give up D should give up非谓语动词动词不定式考试重点：感官动词如hear, watch, listen to, notice, observe, see, 等和使役动词make, have, let后接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语。I would have you _ if I got the message. A know B to know C. knew D. knownhave sth done 和 have sb do sth的用法：I had my bike _ yesterday.A. repair B. repaired C. to be repaired D had repaired接动名词和不定式意思不同：remember to do/doingforget to do/doingThe old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _.A. on restB. at restC. restingD. to rest特殊不定式短语（不定式的复合结构）：for/of+名词（代词）+不定式（短语）It is necessary _ the papers immediately.A. for you to hand in B. that you hand outC. your hand in D. for your hand inIt is brave _ _ English at the age of 60.A of her to learn B for her to learn C of her learning D for her learning动名词考试重点：常跟动名词作宾语的动词：enjoy, finish, avoid, excuse, mind, suggest, etc.动名词用在介词后: look forward to, dream of， put off, succeed in, feel like, stop from, thank for等。常见的结构要求用V-inghave trouble/difficulty / problem/ a hard time/fun (in) doing sthIt is a waste of time/money doing sthThere is no point in doing sth动名词的被动式：No one avoid _by advertisements.A. influenced B. influencing C. to influence D. being influenced动名词的逻辑主语：当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格。He forgot about _him to attend my wifes birthday party.A. I asking B. my asking C. me to ask D. mine to ask 分词现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行；过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _answers the questions. A. to be interviewed B. interviewing C. being interviewed D. interviewedThe farmer caught the boys _his apples.A. stole B. stealing C. to steal D. would steal分词做状语时，逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。While watching television, _.A. the doorbell rang B. the door bell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings主语从句由连词that, whether 引导的主语从句中，that, whether 只起引导作用， 不担任成分， 不能省略。That the earth is round is true. (It is true that the earth is round.)宾语从句宾语从句用陈述句的语序Can you tell me _about the city that makes people love it so much? A. it is what B. what it is C. what is it D. is it what定语从句限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别非限定定语从句与主句之间常用逗号分开，对被修饰的名词起附加说明， 有一定的独立性， 即使去掉， 主句的意思仍然完整， 只是内容不够具体。An old friend from abroad, _I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport. A. that B. whom C. who D. which用who不用that当先行词是表示人的those, the one, all等词时，关系代词一般不用that, 而用who.Those _dance well will give a performance tonight.A. who B whom C that D which 用that 不用which当先行词为little,much,few,everything,none，最高级，序数词等时关系代词用that而不用which.当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用that,不用which. The most important thing_ we should pay attention to is the first thing _ I have said.A. which; that B. that; whichC. which; which D. that; that主谓一致语法一致语法一致的原则是指根据语法要求，句子主语为单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词就采用单数形式，主语为复数时，谓语动词就采用复数形式。意义一致有些名词形式是复数，意义为单数，作主语时，要求单数动词。The news coming from different parts of the world _ often extremely discouraging these days. A. was B. wereEvery means _ been tried.A. has B. have主语是单数时，尽管后面跟 as well as （以及），no less than （不少于多达），rather than(而不是)，more than （不止是，超过），but (除了)，except（除外），besides (加之，还有)，with（和一起，和一块儿），along with (跟一起)，together with（与一起）等，谓语动词仍用单数形式。A woman with a baby _coming here. A. is B. are 用and 连接的成分表示单一概念时，动词谓语用单数形式。如：The singer and the dancer _ come to the meeting.A. hasB. have C. areD. isThe League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is C. are 就近一致: 有时谓语动词的人称和数和最近的主语保持一致：用连词eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not only but (also)， or等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。Neither John nor I _able to persuade Richards grandfather to attend the wedding. A. am B. are C. are to be D. is一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语有：a lot of (lots of ), plenty of, half of , two- thirds of , ninety percent of , part of, rest of , some of, none of 等。如：Twelve percent of the workers here_ women. A. is B. are 倒装句否定词（短语）放句首句子要部分倒装。即“否定词助动词/情态动词主语其他”。常见的否定词有never, nor，neither, hardly，few, seldom, little, by no means（决不）, in no time（很快）, in no case (决不），under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不）not until, not onlybut also, no sooner than， hardly when， scarcely when等Seldom _ TV during the day.A. they watch B. are they watching C. have they watched D. do they watch以so开头,用 “so助动词/情态动词/系动词主语”表示前面叙述的情况也适合于另一个人或物，译作 “也，同样，也如此”。用 “neither/nor助动词/情态动词/系动词主语”表示 “也不是，也没有”。She plays the piano very well, _.A. so every one of us does B. every one of us doesC. so does every one of us D. so do every one of usShe is not fond of cooking, _I .A. so am B. nor am C. neither do D. nor do练习题：Vocabulary and Structure1. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B.your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make2. Had I remembered _ the windows, the thief would not have got in. A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed3. Your hair needs _ . Youd better have it done tomorrow.A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut 4. They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed 5. You will see this product _ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising 6. I have no objection _ your story again. A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard 7. The man wore dark glasses to avoid _ . A. to recognize B. to be recognized C. recognizing D. being recognized 8. Do you remember _ to Professor Smith during your last visit? A. to be introduced B. having introduced C. being introduced D. to have introduced 9. If it _ tomorrow, we will stay indoors tohave our training class.A. rains B. rain C. will rain D. rained10. He _ have completed his work; otherwise, h