被动语态的语法专项.doc

被动语态的语法专项（1）Word power: Forming abstract nouns from verbs and adjectives（2）Words related to computersdata, connect, information, Web, e-mail, CPU, ROM, RAM, PC，IT, crash, document, driver, error, U-disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, floppy disk, floppy disk drive, hard drive, monitor, speaker, CD-ROM drive, DVD-ROM drive, screen, mouse, mouse mat, keyboard, host, cursor, host page, web page, web site, world wide web(www)（3）语态被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。英语有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。例如：I have repaired the radio.我修好了收音机。The radio has been repaired.收音机被修好了。The students cleaned the classroom.学生们打扫了教室。The classroom was cleaned by the students.教室被学生们打扫了。被动语态的构成：be + 过去分词A building was damaged by the storm.暴风雨毁坏了一座建筑物。Our plate was made in China.我们的盘子是中国生产的。My bike was stolen.我的自行车被盗了。常用的被动语态的时态变化如下，以 ask 为例：一般进行完成现在I am asked. I am being asked. I have been asked.过去I was asked.I was being asked.I had been asked.将来I shall be asked. I shall have been asked.被动语态的疑问句是把助动词提前到句首。Has your TV set been repaired?你的电视机修了吗？Was the kite broken?风筝破了吗？Has the work been done?工作结束了吗？被动语态的否定式是在助动词后面加 not。The letter has not been sent out.信还没有发出去。The little boy has not been found out.小孩还没有找到。The cap has not been mended yet.帽子还没有补好。Their money has not been sent to them.他们的钱还没有送到他们手中。被动语态的用法：被动语态表示一种主语和谓语之间的关系，当主语是动作的承受者时，就需要用到被动语态，汉语中所说的，“汽车被撞坏了”、“钢笔被修好了” 等句子就是一种被动语态的句子，在汉语中常用“被”、“由”等词来表示这种被动语态。在英语中则用动词的被动语态形式来表示。被动语态中还可用 by 短语加在句后表示被动语态中动作的发出者。也就是谓语动词动作的逻辑上的主语，被动语态常用在下列情况。（1）不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者时，或者没有必要说出谁是执行者时。The glass was broken last night.玻璃昨天被打破了。His bike has been stolen.他的自行车被偷了。He was asked to go there once more.他被要求再去那儿一次。The bag was put into the box.袋子放在了箱子里。（2）为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。The plan has been sent to the headmaster.计划已经送给校长了。Kilinton was elected President of U.S.A.克林顿被选为美国总统。Five people were hurt in the explosion.五个人在这次爆炸中受伤。A new building was set up in a short time.新大楼短期就建成了。（3）被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者，构成如下：动作承受者 + be + 过去分词 + by + 动作执行者。The picture was praised by everybody.照片得到了大家的好评。The classroom was cleaned by us.教室被我们打扫过。The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi.这座桥是山西的工人建的。The little boy was found by the police.小孩被警察找到了。有关被动语态的几个问题：（1） be + 过去分词 并非都是被动语态，系动词 be, feel, seem, look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。Im interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。He seems unsatisfied with his work.他看起来对他的工作不满意。We are determined to catch up with the developed countries.我们决心要赶上发达国家。The song is called Dont forget me.歌曲的名字叫“勿忘我”。（2）某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。The food tastes good.食物很香。It smells strange.这有怪味。The stone feels very cold.石头摸起来很冷。（3）一般情况下，及物动词才能构成被动语态，但有些不及物动词组成短语后，也可构成被动语态。He was looked down upon because of his egoism.他因自私而受人冷落。The children were taken good care of in the orphanage.孩子们在孤儿院受到了良好的照顾。被动语态（2）1怎样区别被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”的结构“be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：（1）如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:The glass is broken玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）（2）如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如： The magazine is published in Shanghai这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态） The door is locked 门锁着。（系表结构） The door has already/just been locked门已经/刚刚被锁上。（被动语态） The shop is opened这家商店开门了。（系表结构） The shop is opened at 8 a.m everyday这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态）（3）被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。 所以下列句子都是被动语态：The machine is being repaired机器正在修。 A new school will be built here 这里将要建一所新学校。2不用被动语态的情况（1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：appear, die, disappear, end (vi.), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.e.g. After the fire, very little remained of my house.比较rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。(错) The price has been risen.(对) The price has risen.(错) The accident was happened last week.(对) The accident happened last week.(错) The price has raised.(对) The price has been raised.(错) Please seat.(对) Please be seated.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。（2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, belong to，shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, arrive at / in.e.g.This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what has already been heard.（3）系动词无被动语态：appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn.e.g. It sounds good.（4）带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：die, death, dream, live, life.e.g. She dreamed a bad dream last night.（5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。(对) She likes to swim.(错) To swim is liked by her.3短语动词的被动语态短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。e.g.This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.Such a thing has never been heard of before.4被动语态的特殊结构形式（1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如：e.g.Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.Yououghttotakeitaway.Itoughttobetakenaway.Theyshoulddoitatonce.Itshouldbedoneatonce.（2）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。e.g.His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（3）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。e.g.Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.（4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。e.g.Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。e.g.