省略专题讲解与训练.doc

英语语法专题： 省略专题讲解与训练（10）省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，有的学者把某些替代也看作一种省略。一、词法上的省略 1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略 1）如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。如： These are Johns books and those are Marys (books). 2）名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。如： at the doctors 在诊所 at Mr. Greens 在格林先生家 to my uncles 到我叔叔家 at the barbers 2. 冠词的省略 1）为了避免重复 The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. （thunder前the） 2）在the next day (morning, week, year.)等短语中有时为了使语气紧凑定冠词the 常可以省略We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day. 3）在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。如： She sings best in the class. 4）在某些独立主格结构中。如： Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.) 我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。 5）在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。如： Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多。 3. 介词的省略 1）both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。如： Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很有趣。 2）在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。如： These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time. 3）被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词by短语。如： The letter was posted (by me) yesterday. 这封信是昨天寄出去的。 4）和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如：consider. (as)., prevent / stop. (from)doing., have trouble / difficulty. (in) doing.,spend. (in / on) doing. 等中的介词可以省略。如： Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 树能阻止泥土被冲走。 Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 你能阻止他下河洗澡吗？ I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答这个问题我有点困难。 4. 动词不定式中的省略 1）有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。如： I consider him (to be) lazy. His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。 2）感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。如： They made the boy go to bed early. The boy was made to go to bed early. 注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。 3）在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to； but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。如： We have nothing to do now but wait. I can not but admire his courage. He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。 4）在并列结构中为了避免重复。如： Im really puzzled what to think or say. 但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。如： I came not to scold but to praise you. 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。 5）在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。如： Why talk so much about it? Why not try it again? 6）动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前出现过同样的动词，为避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。如：They may go if they wish to(go). 在某些形容词，如：afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。如：-Will you join us in the game? -Sure, Ill be glad to(join you in the game).有些动词，如：tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like, forbid等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号to。如： He didnt come, though we had invited him to (come). 注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have。如： -Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗？ -No, but I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。 二、句法中的省略 在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。 1 简单句中的省略 ）感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。如： What a hot day (it is)! How wonderful!多妙啊！ ） 在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。如： -（Will you） Have a smoke? -No. Thanks. 2并列句中的省略 1） 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。如： John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. 2） 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。如： His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.3） 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。如： Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways. 4）在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。如： Jack will sing at the party, but I know John wont （sing at the party）. 3复合句中的省略 1） 名词性从句中的省略 （1）作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语。如：Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who (has used it). （2）有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。如： （Im） Sorry Ive kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。 （3）在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。如：Its important that we (should) speak to the old politely. 2） 定语从句中的省略 （1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。如： The man(who / whom) I saw is called Smith. Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？ （2）关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。如： I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable. 3）状语从句中的省略 当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。 （1）在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。如： While（I was） waiting, I was reading some magazines. （2）在though, although引导的状语从句中。如：Though (they were) tired, they went on working.（3）在if, unless(=if. not)等引导的条件状语从句中。如： You shouldnt come to his party unless (you were) invited. （4）在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。如： He did as (he had been) told. He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak.（5）在as(so). as., than引导的比较状语从句中。如： I know you can do better than he (can do). This car doesnt run as fast as that one (does). 三、替代性省略 在一些交际用语中的某些动词，如：think, suppose, expect, believe，guess等后常常和so， not等连用，以替代上文出现的内容。如： -Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? -I suppose not. 巩固练习1 1. - I wont do it any more. - _? A. Why dont B. Why dont do it any more C. Why notD. Why not to2. Although _ to stop, he kept on working. A. tell B. telling C. having told D. told3. - Will you waste your time and money on that? - Certainly _. A. I notB. dont C. not D. no4. - Mary didnt attend the lecture, did she? - Yes, she _. A. attended B. didnt attend C. didnt D. did5. - Whats Joan doing? - _ newspapers in the room. A. She reading B. She reads C. To read D. Reading6. _ always succeed. A. Honest and clever studentsB. Students who honest and clever C. Honest students and clever D. Students are honest and clever7. - Can you climb that tree, my boy? - _ ? A. I B. Myself C. Mine D. Me8. Some people are against the plan but _ support it. A. any more B. many more C. much more D. no more9. - Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? - Not at all. _. A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like to D. Id be happy to10. - Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant? - _. Its too expensive. A. Why not B. I agree C. Im afraid not D. Im sure11. Why didnt you come to Mikes birthday party yesterday? Well, I_, but I forgot it. A. should B. must C. should have D. must have12. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients dont take medicine _. A. like directed B. to be directed C. as directed D. so that directed13. You may take them all home _. A. if possibleB. if soC. unless soD. even if you can14. You seem to have lost your way. _?Im looking for Wangfujing Street. A. What for B. Need help C. Why so D. Where to15. This is an illness that can result in total blindness if _. A. to leave untreated B. left untreated C. leaving untreated D. is left untreated巩固练习2.1. -Tomorrow is a holiday. Why are you doing your homework? -I am doing these exercises now so that I wont have _ on Sunday. A. it B. them C. for D. to2.-Shall I invite Ann to my birthday party tomorrow evening?-Yes. Itll be fine if you_. A. are B. can C. invite D. do3. - Arent you the manager? - No, and I_A.dont want to B. dont want to be C. dont want be D. dont want4.-Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?-Not at all. _. A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be glad to5. - Wont you have another try? - _. A. Yes, I will have B. Yes, I wont have C. Yes, I wont D. Yes, I will 6.-I wont do it any more. -_? A. Why not B. Why dont do any more C. Why not do D. Why dont 7.-Do you think it will snow tomorrow? -_.A.I dont think B. No, I dont think C. I dont think so D. No, I dont so8.-Have you fed the cat? -No, but_. A. Im B. I am C. Im just going D. Im just going to9. The pianos in the other shop will be _, but _.A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good10. She spoke English well indeed, but of course not _ a native speaker.A. as fluent as B. more fluent than C. so fluently as D. much fluently than11. When first _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (2004全国II)A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced12. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _ at the meeting by my loss.A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned13. What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. (2004湖北)A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which14. Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer? - _?A. What for? B. What is it C. How is it D. How come15. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to16. Its a fine day. Lets go fishing, _? A. wont we B. will we C. dont we D. shall we17. Be sure to write to us, _? A. will you B. arent you C. can you D. mustnt you18. Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? - I_, but I had an unexpected visitor.A. had B. would C. was going to D. did19. Could I borrow your dictionary? - yes, of course you _.A. might B. will C. can D. should20. Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. - _.A. I dont B. I wont C. I cant D. I havent21. I wont do it any more. -_?A. Why dont B. Why dont do it any more C. Why not D. Why not to22. Although _ to stop, he kept on working.A. tell B. telling C. having told D. told23. Will you waste your time and money on that? - Certainly _.A. I not B. dont C. not D. no24. Mary didnt attend the lecture, did she? - Yes, she _.A. attended B. didnt attend C. didnt D. did25. Whats Joan dong? - _ newspapers in the room.A. She reading B. She reads C. To read D. Reading26. _ always succeed.A. Honest and clever students B. Students who honest and cleverC. Honest students and clever D. Students are honest and clever27. Who should be responsible for the accident? - The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _.A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told28. Some people are against the plan but _ support it.A. any more B. many more C. much more D. no more29. The house rent is expensive, Ive got about half the space I had at home and Im paying _ here.A. as three times much B. as much three times C. much as three times D. three times as much30. Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant? - _. Its too expensive.A. Why not B. I agree C. Im afraid not D. Im sure高考链接： 1. When first _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 2004全国卷II) A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004全国卷IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned 3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET 2003 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see 4. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (2003上海卷) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken 5. Unless _ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003上海春) A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited 6. When _ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 2002上海春) A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed 7. Though _ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET 2002上海卷) A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 8. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002) A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 9. You re always working. Come on, lets go shopping. _you ever want to do is going shopping. (2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春) A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That 10. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET 2002上海春) A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 11. What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. (NMET 2004湖北卷) A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which 12. It is easy to do the repair. _ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET 2004天津卷) A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything 13. Thats an unpleasant thing to say about your father after _ hes done for you. (NMET 2004全国卷) A. something B. anything C. all D. that 14. As youve never been there before, Ill have someone _ you the way. (MET 1990上海卷) A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed 15. Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? Not at all, _ . (1995) A. I have no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be happy to 16. Does your brother intend to study German? Yes, he intends _ . (NMET 1998上海卷) A. / B. to C. so D. that 17. Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight? _ . (NMET 1999上海卷) A. Yes, Id like to go to the Grand Theatre B. Id like to, but I have an exam tomorrow C. No, I wont D. Thats right 18. You should have thanked her before you left. I meant _ , but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere. (NMET 2000北京春招卷) A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to 19. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. (NMET 1994上海卷) A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 20. _ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (NMET 1995上海卷) A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not 21. I will know what was on his mind at the time, nor will _ . (NMET 2004 江苏卷) A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else 22. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither _ any end to their influence on mans lives. (2004 广东卷) A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there 23. I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! _ . (2004全国卷III) A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I 短文改错Dear Jerry,Im glad to know that you had an interest in Chinese food. Here Id like to tell you something about them. Chinese food is famous with its wide variety. The food in one area can be easy told from that in another. For example, Shanghai food , a little bit sweet, differ from Sichuan food that is rather hot . However, every kind of the Chinese food is worth trying, because each has a delicious taste and good for health. Since the restaurant in China usually serves for special dishes of different areas , you can enjoy various Chinese foods whenever you are . Im looking forward to meet you here so that I can tell you more about Chinese food at table.Best wishes.Jin答案：巩固练习1 1-10CDCDD ADBDC11-15 CCABB巩固练习2答案：15 DDBDD 510 ACDCC 1115 BCAAA 1620 DACCB 2125 CDCDD 2630 AABDC3135 CADAA 3640 BCADD 4142 ABKey: 15 BCDBA 610 AADCA 1115 AACBD 1 1620 BBBBC 2123 BCB 短文改错 10 分1.had- have 2. them- it 3.with- for 4.easy-easily 5. differ-differs 6. the