英语语法全套复习.ppt

第一节 名词、代词、数词、冠词,一、名词 1可数名词由单数变复数时，要注意以下规则变化 1）不通过加-s构成的复数名词。如： man-men tooth-teeth woman-women mouse-mice Englishman-Englishmen child-children (但German-Germans) foot-feet phenomenon-phenomena 2)单、复数形式相同的名词。如： deer fish sheep Chinese （中国人） Japanese means （方式） works（工厂） 注意： fish一词为“（一条，两条）鱼”时，其单复数形式相同；作“鱼的种类”讲时，其复数是在词尾加 es；但当“鱼肉”讲时，则为不可数名词。,3）集合名词的单数形式有时强调的是其个体或成员，这时谓语动词用复数。常见的集合名词如；army, class, crowd, crew, family, group, public, team, union 等。 4）有些名词形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，其谓语动词用复数。如：police, people（人们）等。 5）有些名词以-s结尾，但属于单数名词。如： 学科名词：maths, physics, politics等；专有名词：the United States, the United Nations等；还有些不可数名词，如：news等。 6）有些名词只有复数形式。如clothes, glasses（眼镜）,trousers等。这些词均不能和不定冠词和数词连用，但可以和some, (a) few, any, no, many, a lot of 等表示不确切数量的词连用，也可和a pair of, two articles of 等具体单位量词连用。,2.不可数名词 多数不可数名词不可和不定冠词连用，但有些不可数名词在表示 “某一种”或“具体某一次”时，可以和不定冠词连用。如： I wish you happiness. The job demands someone with a college education. He has a wide knowledge of Chinese history.,3.名词的格 1）当名词是人名或表示有生命的及被视为有生命的东西时多用 s格。如： Johns brother Teachers Day the childrens palace the elephants tusk 注意下列表示法： Mary and Janes room 玛丽和简两人共有的房间 Marys and Janes room 玛丽和简各自的房间 2)表示国家、城市等地方的名词和表示时间、距离、度量及金 钱的名词，虽无生命，但也可用s表示所有格。如： Chinas modern industry a two weeks holiday three dollars worth of bananas 3) “ of+名词”的结构常用来表示无生命的所有关系。如： the two sides of the road the works of Luxun 4)双重所有格，即“of+名词s”结构：常用于表示部分概念或带有一 定的感情色彩。如： a friend of my fathers我父亲的一位朋友,the little hands of Jims 吉姆的小手 5)有些名词的所有格表示家宅、商店或其它处所。如： my aunts 我婶婶的家 the chemists 药房 the tailors 裁缝店 the Smiths 史密斯的家 注意： “姓氏+s”表示“全家”。如： I visited the Smiths yesterday. the Smiths表示“史密斯一家的住所”。如： -Where is Lee ? -He is at the Smiths. 4.名词作定语 1）一个名词直接修饰另一个名词，常表示材料、用途或内容等。 gold watch school bus dress shop room number war story 2）有些名词还可以和其它词构成定语的复合结构。如： a three-wheeled car warm-hearted neighbours a six-storeyed building an eight-year-old boy a three-week holiday,二、代词 1使用人称代词要注意的几个问题 1）当代词成对地使用或与一个名词搭配使用时，两个部分的句 法功能必须一致。注意下面一句中代词的错误： In the early morning the first thing that both my brother and me did was to go out to run.() 2)单数人称代词的排列顺序一般为：二、三、一。复数人称代词 的排序为：一、二、三。名词和人称代词的排序为：先名词， 后人称代词。但you常位于名词前。如： the teacher and us we, you and they you, John and I 其它代词一般排列在人称代词之后。如： he, I and some others 3）人称代词作主语时，如说明主语一般用主格，口语中多用宾格 If I were she(her), I would take your advice. Open the door, please. Its me.,在强调句中，若强调的是主语就用主格，若强调的是宾语，用 宾格。如： It was they that showed us around the factory. It was us that they showed around the factory. 4）代词应与所代替的那个词在人称和数上取得一致。 I have lost my keys. I cannot remember where I lost it.() 2.物主代词 1）形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs my wallet her book The house across the street is hers.(hers=her house) 2)定冠词代替物主代词：(hit, pat, strike, shoot, beat, catch, seize, shake,等表示击、打、拍等动作) The lady patted him on the head kindly. They hit the boy in the face. The policeman caught the thief by the arm.,3. 反身代词 1)反身代词不能作主语，但是可以作主语的同位语。如： She herself is a doctor. 2)注意区分oneself, by oneself和for oneself。 oneself:亲自（做），相当于in person by oneself:独自（做）,相当于alone for oneself:独立（做）,相当于without being helped 如： You should go to see him yourself. He likes to take a walk by himself. You should work out the problem for yourself. 注意： 多数情况下by oneself和for oneself无明显区别，所以上句中的 for oneself 也可用by oneself来替换。 3)常用词组： to devote oneself(to+n) to dress oneself to enjoy oneself,to help oneself(to+n) to make oneself understood/heard to say to oneself to seat oneself to take care of oneself to talk to oneself 4.疑问代词 使用疑问代词What 和which时， 应注意what一般没有限制范围， 而which则是在一定范围中进行选择。 -what subject do you like ? -I like physics, English and history. -which do you like best ? -Physics, of course.,5.指示代词 that/those可以用来表示前面提到过的东西，避免重复。 The population of China is larger than that of India. The TV sets made in Shanghai are better than those in our city. 如果指代的名词是单数可数名词，可以用The one 替换that。 注意： one/ones 也可用来表示前面提到过的东西。它们和that/those 的区别是：that/those一般用来指物，定语后置；而one/ones可以指人也可以指物，定语前置。如： This pen is as expensive as that one. I dont like the black shoes; I like the white ones.,6 不定代词 1）each和every each既可以作代词又可以作形容词；而every是形容词，作定语， 不能单独作代词用，但可以和body,one.thing构成复合代词。 另外，each指两者或两者以上的人或物中的每个；而every用来 指三个或三个以上的人或物中的 每个。 2)no one和none No one=nobody只用来指人，后面不跟of结构，是单数。 none既可用来指人又可用来指物，既可用来指可数名词又可用 来指不可数名词。 None of my family smoke/smokes. None of the information is available. 3）部分否定和全部否定 all, both, each,everybody, everything与否定词连用时，只表示部分否 定。如果要表示全部否定，则应该用none, no one, nobody, nothing neither等。,三、冠词 1 不定冠词 1）a/an的使用要注意根据其后名词的发音，而不是字母。如： The word “unless” begins with a “u” and ends with an “s”. 2）不定冠词表示“一个”人或事物。若强调“一”时， 则用one. I want to buy one copy, not two. 3）不定冠词和少数不可数名词（多为抽象名词）连用时，不表 示“一个”，而是“一种”或“一次”的意思。（不可数名词） 4）带不定冠词的短语。如： make a living in a hurry,2.定冠词 1）定冠词与某些形容词或分词连用，表示一类人或物时，谓 语动词用复数；表抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数。如： the rich the poor the true the false the injured 2）江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡前加定冠词，但海岛和山 峰及湖泊等地理名词前一般不加定冠词。如： the Pacific Ocean the Rocky Mountains the Taiwan Straits Taiwan Island Mount Tai 但是与of连用的这类名词要加定冠词。如 the Island of Taiwan 3）常用词组 in the end by the way on the whole in the morning(afternoon, evening ),3.不用冠词 1）专有名词，如人名、国名、地名等前不用。但当专有名词是由几个普通名词或带有形容词修饰的名词词组构成的，通常加定冠词。 the Summer Palace the White House the United Nations the Great Lenin 2)球类及游戏棋类前不加冠词，如：play football ；play the piano ; play pi-pa 法定节日 Christmas, National Day 3) man人类 , word消息 4)表示职称、头衔的词作宾语、表语或宾补时 He was made (our)monitor. 但若作主语，要定冠词 The manager wants to see you. 5)语言不要冠词，但和language 一起，加 the English is widely used in the world The English language is an international language.,at table 就餐 at the table （坐）在桌旁 in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院 take place 发生 take the place of 代替 the second time 第二 次 a second time 又一次 a most interesting story the most interesting story,四、数词 容易错的数词 four, fourteen, forty nine, ninth five, fifth twelve, twelfth 2.确定的数和不确定的数 hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score等词前面有数字或a few/ several时，表示确定数，后面不能加 of结构。无数字时，后面 要加 of结构，表示不确定的数。 Get me two dozen eggs, please. Dozens of people gathered in front of the building. 3. 由数字和名词构成复合定语 a two-thousand-word report a five-week holiday 4. every+数词+名词 “every two days every other/second day 5.分数和百分数 About eighty percent of the earth surface is water. Over two fifths of the workers are young.,第二节 形容词、副词,1.形容词的比较级和最高级 比较的对象常用that和those来代替， The bikes in this shop are more expensive than those in that one. This is the most interesting book I have ever read. 修饰比较级的副词有rather,much, even, still, a bit, a little, a lot, any, no等。常被误用的有 more, less ,very ,quite, fairly, greatly. The man got even more angry. The experiment will become much easier if it is done in this way. many more+ 名词和much more+名词都可以，区别在于后面的 名词是可数还是不可数名词。 I bought many more books than I needed. They have much more rain here this year than they did last year . 修饰最高级的词有by far, far, much, the very, of all. This is by far the most expensive car I have ever seen. The library is the highest building of all in the city.,2.形容词的位置 以a开头的形容词只能作表语，不能用在名词之前。如： alone， awake， alive，asleep，afraid something，anything，nothing 定语后置 名词前有多个形容词，它们的位置比较复杂。一般来说有两条 基本原则：第一，主观性形容词（表示说话人观点的形容词 nice，beautiful，good，ugly）在所有的形容词之前；第二， 客观属性形容词放在主观性形容词之后，位置比较复杂，： 颜色+出处+材料+用途+名词。 The frightened woman was afraid that she would be bitten by the snake。 I can see something/nothing interesting in the paper。 Yesterday they bought a brown and white，German，plastic， writing desk。 4.the+adj The old should be well taken care of by us.,二、副词 1 .副词的种类 地点副词there, near, here, up, down, by 等；时间副词now, then, soon ；程度副词rather, quite, fairly, too, very；频度often, always never, seldom；方式bravely,hard, well,quickly, happy；引导疑问 句和其它从句的 when, where, why. 2.副词的位置 1)地点副词 一般在句尾，有的可在句首，句中不能 She is sitting outside. They asked the guests to have dinner downstairs. Indoors the actors were putting on an interesting play. 地点状语放在时间状语之前。 John stayed in his room all day. 2）时间副词 确定时间（ yesterday, today, last month),不确定时间recently, afterwards, already, another time, at once, just. 确定时间的副词多用于句尾从小到大： The plane landed in Nanjing at ten oclock on Friday October,1996. 也有用在句首的： This month they have had several rains. 表不确定时间的副词可用在句首、句中、句尾，在句中时放在 行为动词之前，be动词或第一个助动词之后。 I have just finished the work. Immediately the car drove out of the yard. I havent finished the work yet. 3）频度副词 频度副词在句中时放在行为动词之前，be动词或第一个助动词之后。 The boy has often been told not to do this or that. They sometimes stay up all night. The warm-hearted man is always ready to help others.,频度副词可放在句首或句尾，但表示否定意义的频度副词在 句首时，句子要倒装。 Never shall I say this to his face. 4)方式副词 一般在 动词的后面或在动词宾语的后面。 The soldiers fought bravely. The students can speak English well. 宾语很长时，动词之前 She carefully picked out the bad apples from the good ones He foolishly answered the question.（位置不同，意思不同） He answered the question foolishly. 3 副词的比较级 (more/less, most/least) 区别：farther/further farther 表距离；further距离或程度。 They were too tired to walk any farther/further. The two countries have planned to further talk about the problem sometime next year.,第三节 介词、连词,一、介词 1 表时间的介词 1)at, by, in, on at, by 表时间的点： at 表示“在（几点钟）”； by 表示 “到时候”（含有“不超过”，常与过去或将来完成时态连用） on表示日期及某天的上午、下午、晚上等。 in表示 泛指的早、中、晚及年、月等。 2)in, for 后面接一段时间 in+一段时间表示“在之内”或“以后（用在将来时态中）”。 for+ 一段时间表示动作的延续。 3)after, since after 表示在某具体时间之后；since自某具体时间以来，用完成时。 4)till, until的用法有两个： (1)肯定句“直到时候”，动词必须是延续性的。 He waited till/until ten oclock. (2)在否定句中“直到才”。 Tom didnt return till/until midnight. （till不放句首）,2.表示运 动或移动的介词 across, though, along, into, onto, up, down, out of, off多和具有运动意义的动词搭配.如: showinto, get through 1)across, through, along across 越过,横穿(从一边到另一边). Can you swim across the river ? through 穿过,通过(从一端到另一端). The train passed through the tunnel. along 沿着. They took a walk along the street. 2)in, into in”在里(内),是表静态的介词,和 come, move等动词连用时是副词; into”进入,入“, 与表运动的动词搭配,是介词.如: Mother is in the kitchen. Come in, please. He came into the room.,3.表示方向、方位的介词 in , on, to in ; to; on Dalian lies in the north of China. Japan lies to the east of China. Vietnam lies on the south of China. 2) to, for to 表示“去，向”（常与位移性动词连用）。如： go, come, move等; for 表示“目的地”，常与leave, set out, sail等词连用。 但表示“朝什么方向去”， 用in the direction of 3) at, to at表示“对准（目标）” ; to表示“朝方向”。如： He came up to me. The child threw a stone at the dog.,4. by, in, on, with by表示途径和手段及交通工具。如： He made a living by selling newspapers. She succeeded by means of perseverance. You may go there by taxi. 当特指某一交通工具时，要用介词in, on 等，并且要后续冠词 或形容词性物主代词。如： He promised to drive me to town in his own car. in表示方式，常与下列词搭配，如： in a way, in ink, in English on表示途径，常与 radio, phone, TV等词连用。 with表示工具，方式。 Cut it with a knife.,5. besides, but, except, except for besides表示“除之外，（还，也）”;except 表示“除外 （其余都）“，常和all, every, no, none, nothing等含有整体肯定 或否定意义的词连用; except for 也表示“除之外”， 含有 “只是”，“只不过”的意思，它和except 不同的是:与 except 连用的整体词和except所跟的词常常是同类的，是指整 体除去一部分;而与except for 连用的整体词与except for所跟的 词往往不是同类，是指整体中除了一个细节。如： All his pictures are well painted except this one. Its a nice picture except for the colour of the roof. but表示“除外，（其余或都不）”，和 except用法相似。 注意下列句中but后面动词的形式。 Last night, I did nothing but watch TV. He has no choice but to keep silence. Old John enjoys nothing but fishing.,二、 连词 1 表原因的连词 表原因的连词有：as, because, for, since 1) because引导的是原因状语从句，表示“因为”，强调事物内在因果关系，常放在主句之后或用来回答why问句。 -Why didnt you telephone me ? -Because I didnt want to disturb you. 2) as, since常用来指显而易见的原因，或不太重要的原因，since比as稍加正式。as, since引导的句子常置于句首。如： As it was raining, I decided to stay home. Since it doesnt work, lets try another. 3) for表示原因时，常作为一种补充说明，不能放在句首。如： I decided to stop and have lunch-for I was feeling quite hungry.,2.表条件的连词 表条件的连词有:if, as (so ) long as ,on condition that等. if 可用在虚拟语气中;而 as long as只用于真实的条件句中.如: If it rains tomorrow, well stay home. If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay home.(虚拟) I will lend you my camera as long as you return it to me this weekend. 3. as well as as well as 相当于not only. She is clever as well as beautiful. She played the piano as well as singing. 她不仅唱了歌还弹了钢琴. She plays as well as she sings. 她弹得和唱得 一样好. 4. 表时间的连词 表时间的连词有:as, when, while等. 它们常可以互换,但以下两种情况下不能互换: 1)当两个动作相伴发生时,或表示对比时,用while 而不用when ,as. We must strike the iron while it is hot. Some people waste food while others havent enough.,2)表示突然发生某事时(常可译为“正在忽然”)或表 条件时(意思接近“的情况下”),用when, 不用as , while. I was cooking when the bell rang. Steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes when they are hung near a fire. 可以与形容词或分词连用的连词 有: if, unless, when, while Turn to the dictionary if (it is) necessary. Be careful while (you are) crossing the street. He wont come unless (he is ) invited.,第四节 时态,一、一般现在时 1) 现在习惯性动作，即包括现在时刻在内的整个阶段经常性、习惯性动作。 The bank opens at 8:00 a.m. on weekdays. However busy I am, I write to my mother regularly. 2)（人、物）现在的特性、状态。 Now I am busy; I cant spare time for a holiday. That street is in bad condition, and smells terrible. 3) 叙述客观真理、科学事实、格言及没有时限的客观存在。 Knowledge is strength . Light travels faster than sound. Japan lies to the east of China.,二、一般过去时 1）用于表示在确定的过去时间里发生的动作或状态。如： I got to know him two years ago. He was seriously ill last week. 表示这种确定的过去的时间状语还有 yesterday, the night before, once, the other day, just now等。 2）过去发生的经常性、反复性的动作或状态。如： China is different from what it used to be. （不可换） As a child, I would go to sea along with my father. （可换） 1）情态动词 would表示过去习惯性动作， used to表示过去习惯性动作或状态。 区别：若表示过去习惯性动作，would与 used to 可互换； 2）下列句型中动词用过去时 It is (high/about) time (that) we got to business. I would rather you knew the truth now.,三、现在进行时 1.表达形式 主动语态 am/is/are doing 被动语态 am/is/are/being done 2.基本用法 用于表示此刻正在进行或发生的动作；现阶段正在进行而此刻不 一定正在进行的动作。 At present Lao Li is showing some foreign friends around our workshop -Are you a native of Beijing ? -No, I am studying for a doctors degree at Beijing University. 注意： 表思想感情的动词，如understand, know, think, want, love等；表 所属关系的动词，如have, own, belong to等; 表感官感觉的动词，如see（看见）, hear（听见）等，不用进行时，用一般时。 I fully understand what you mean. I saw no one but Alice at the airport.,2)进行时与always,constantly, continually等副词连用，可表达赞扬、 不满、讨厌等感情色彩。 He is always thinking of others. At school he was constantly playing a trick on others. 四、过去进行时 1表达形式 主动语态was/were doing 被动语态was/were being done 2基本用法 过去某一时刻某一阶段正在进行的动作。 I was making a long-distance call to my near relative before you arrived. In those years we were having a hard time. 五、现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done 1)过去的动作与现在有关系。 I have turned on the electric heater in the room. (I turned on the electric heater, and the room is getting warm now.),He has taken away my reference book. (He took away my reference book, and now I cant use it.) 2)表示动作从过去延续到现在，可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。 He has been in Beijing for two years. We have had plenty of rain here since we parted last month. 从过去延续到现在的时间状语还有in the past(last)few years, ever since , so far, up to the present, until now, in recent years等. 注意： 1）现在完成时与过去时的区别： He has worked in Paris for two years. He worked in Paris for two years. 2)用It is+（一段时间）+ since+主+动词的过去时 It is ten years since he left Shanghai. 3)特殊句型 It is the first time (that) I have visited China. 序数词 This is the most beautiful city that I have ever seen. 形容词的最高级,六、过去完成时 had done had been done 1)在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。 He said that he had arrived three days before. 2)动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一 过去时间。 By the time he came we had worked for two hours. 3) hope, want, mean, expect, think等词，用过去完成时暗示原来 的希望或期待没有实现。 I had wanted to come to your help, but I really spared no time. 七、一般将来时 shall/will do shall/will be done shall 用于第一人称，will用于所有人称。 I wont be free tonight. The instrument will be put to use soon.,am/is/are going to do 预先打算做某事，或某种迹象表明有很大可能将发生的动作 2）am/is/are to do 按计划、安排要进行的动作。 The meeting is to be held tomorrow. Where are we to stay tonight ? am/is/about to do 某动作马上要发生。 Be quick! Flight No. 302 to Tokyo is about to take off. 位移动词go, come, start, leave, arrive, return, sail 等及 win, lose, die可用进行时表示将来。 The ship is sailing for Shanghai tomorrow. It seems to me that our team is losing .,八、过去将来时 should/would do should/would be done should用于第一人称，would用于所有人称。 一般将来时其它表达形式，也适用于过去将来时。 He said that he would call me back. I felt that something terrible was about to happen. 注意； when, once, as soon as, after, until等引导的时间状语从句；if, unless, so long as（只要）, on condition that等引导的条件状语从句；even if, though, whenever, whetheror等引导的让步状语从句；as(像，按照)引导的方式状语从句，若从句动作未发生，应用一般时 表示将来时。 I will let you know if he comes back. He said that even if he failed he wouldnt lose heart.,第五节 非谓语动词,第五节 非谓语动词 不定式(infinitive)、分词(participle)、动名词(gerund)是非谓语动词，在句中不能作谓语。 一、非谓语动词 作主语 可作主语的非谓语动词 是不定式和动名词。 例1 To act like that is foolish. 例2 Walking is good exercise. 例3 -Why were you so late for work today ? -Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic. 一般说来，动名词与不定式作主语时，可以互换，注意： 1）表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式（例1），表示无时限的泛指动作（例2），或描述当时的情况（例3）倾向用动名词。 2）下列句型用动名词作主语： It is no good(use) arguing with you. There is no knowing what may happen.,二、非谓语动词作表语 可作表语的非谓语动词是不定式、动名词和分词。 My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.（不定式解释主语 内容） My favorite sport is playing football.（动名词解释主语内容） His speech is inspiring.（分词说明主语性质） The person was moved by the story. 动名词和不定式作表语时，一般也无严格区别，但在表语是不定式 的句子中，若主语也用非谓语形式，这时要用不定式；同样表语是 动名词时，则主语要用动名词。 To see is to believe. Reading is learning, but applying （运用）is also learning and mo