unti1unit3课后练习答案及一课一练语法题词汇答案详解.doc

一课一练 词汇和语法题详解Unit 1 63. 他不断地用一些无关的问题打断演讲者。Continually; continuously 辨析见本单元的词汇学习；Consistently: adv.一贯地；一致地；坚实地e.g. He loves you consistently no matter who you are or what you do.无论是谁，无论你做了什么，上帝都会一直爱你。64. 这张火车票有效期为五天。Valid: adj. 有效的，有根据的；e.g. This train ticket is valid for three days. 这张车票3日内有效。Serviceable: adj. useful; helpful65. 和她姐相反，他照顾人很细心。In contrast to：与形成对照e.g. In contrast to our house , the new one is a palace.和我们的房子相比，这间新房子是一座宫殿。Contrary: adj. 相反的；对立的; adv. 相反地; n. 相反；反面be to sth. e.g. Contrary to what people have said, I do like Richard.和别人所言相反，我的确喜欢理查德。On the e.g. On the contrary, It fills me with strength and courage.正好相反，它让我充满了力量和勇气。66. 语言总是被描述为社会的一面镜子。汉语也不例外。Be of no exception: e.g. Whoever loves flowers are of no exception to be passionate to his life. 爱花的人无一不是爱生活的人。Excuse： n. 借口；理由 vt. 原谅；为申辩；给免去vi. 作为借口；excuse oneself v. 为自己辩解；请求免除；请求准予离开 make ones excuses (对不能出席社交聚会等)表示抱歉(或遗憾) in excuse of 为辩解 adv. 作为辩解 find an excuse 借故67. 在社会变革时期，人们的心理状态常常会追随社会的快速变化而变化。Keep pace with: 跟齐步前进；和并驾齐驱；跟上；适应68. 你可以确信的是故事从他嘴里说来一定精彩。Lose:vi. 失败；逊色；e.g. The classic loses much in translation. 这部经典作品经翻译后减色不少。69. 消费群体正在抗议高涨的价格。Protest在表示“抗议、反对” 时，亦可以是及物动词。e.g. They were protesting soaring prices. 他们在抗议不断飞涨的物价。Oppose: 大部分时候看到的是及物动词的用法：（e.g. Im sorry to say that I oppose Mr. Smiths opinions completely.很抱歉，我全反对史密斯先生的意见。Object (to) : sym. Oppose 70. 我们涉足此领域较晚, 所以我们必需努力弥补失去的时间 。71. 我碰到这些麻烦都是因为你。On ones account: 为了某人的利益（同义：on somebodys behalf ）On ones own account: 为了自己的利益72. 主管对于我们正在做的事情不满意。Be critical of: 吹毛求疵；对不满73. 听完她的故事，我感觉有点困惑。74. 电视节目有时并不那么有趣，但那是因为它们的对象是普通观众。75. 她多才多艺，包括缝纫，烹饪，钢琴和跳舞等。Accomplishment: n.成功，成就；才艺，修养。. 通常用于复数Fulfillment: n. 成就感 a sense of 76. 据估计有三分之一以上的人口不能享受医疗保健的条件。Have access to: 有接触(或进入、使用)的机会(或权利)Assessment: n. 评价，评估77. 在这所大学，学生的贷款是可以根据经济状况得到的。-78. 在欧洲游历期间，Jane Adams为那里的改革运动振奋不已。状语从句的省略句；主句和分句的主语应该一致。另见课文类似句型。当主语与从句主语一致且从句谓语是由be动词+分词构成这时可以把从句主语与be动词省略只保持状语省略式。例如“He was hit by a car while he was(可省）crossing the street。79. 如果我给人纠错，我会尽量心平气和和谦虚得去做，就像自己就是那个犯错的人。现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句：There are a few boys swimming in the river.There is a car waiting outside.80. 每一种方法都已经试过了却没有结果。现在完成时； 主谓一致（means：）81. 你的投诉没有任何根据，这就是事实。Such being the case 为独立主格；Grounds 复数，意为理由；根据；Complaints 复数，意为投诉。82. 他当时正在开会， 否则回来你的生日party.Would have done 表示对过去动作的的推测。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:与现在事实相反: 从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were） 主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词 主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实相反 : 从句:动词过去式，should + 动词原形， 主句 :were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形 注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。 2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldnt (couldnt) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。 3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。 4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)83.你可以相信这一点：到周五一切都会就绪。It 是形式宾语；that引导一个同位语从句。什么是同位语？在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,介宾从句）中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词（短语）的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词（短语）加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。1. 名词作同位语Mr Wang, my childs teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。2.短语作同位语I, the oldest girl in the family,always had to care for the other children.我，作为家里最大的女孩，老得照料家中的其他孩子。3. 直接引语作同位语But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？”4. 句子作同位语The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。怎样区分同位语从句和定语从句？在定语从句中像that，which等一些的关系词在从句中充当一些成分，比如主语，宾语等等，如果去掉它们则从句会变的不完整，即缺少成分。相反地，引导同位语从句的that在从句中不充当任何成分，即使去掉，也不会影响句子的完整性。The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。84. 假如他没有吸烟的话也许就不会有第二次心脏病发作。同82题。85. 几经周折来自太阳的电能是当今利用最多的能量。同79.86. 我本打算和你讨论这事，但是我有些客人要招待。Intended/planned to have done sth. Intend和 plan两个动词的一般过去时+不定式的完成时 表示“原来的打算”。be, intend, mean, plan, want, hope等后面所跟的虚拟语气。 A. 这些动词的不定式都有“打算，想要”的意思。 Bwas/intended/meant/planned/wanted/hoped + to have done sth. = had been/intended/meant/planned/wanted/hoped to do sth. 过去想做而没有做的事e.g I intended to have told him the matter, but I forgot. I had intended to tell him the matter, but I forgot.88. 如果配镜配得好的话，眼镜可以纠正绝大部分健康眼睛的视力缺陷。When + well fitted (过去分词)，相当于一个条件状语从句。when引导从句时,其意义和用法很多。when引导的条件状语从句相当于if/ in case引导的条件状语从句.例如: When there is no gravity, our feet can no longer stay on the ground. 如果没有重力,我们的脚就不能够在地面上站稳。 Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 如果机器发生故障,就把电闸关上。 三、引导原因状语从句 when引导原因状语从句时,相当于since/now that引导的原因状语从句。例如: How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television? 他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了,还能学到什么东西呢? Why do you want a new job when you have got such a good one? 既然你已经有了这么好的一份工作,为什么还要再找新的工作呢? 四、引导让步状语从句 when引导的让步状语从句相当于though或although引导的让步状语从句。例如: He usually walks when he might ride. 虽然有车可乘,但他通常是步行。 The little girl can tell right from wrong when she is only twelve. 这个小女孩虽然只有十二岁,却能分清是非。89. Joe习惯了六点起早。Be accustomed to sth. / doing sth. 习惯于（做）某事。90. 这篇文章讲的是每个人都最感兴趣的自然现象。Phenomenon 单数， phenomena 复数。91. 只有在特殊条件下，大一新生才被允许参加补考。倒装句的提示词：only 放句首； make-up test 补考。92. 那个疯男人被置于有软垫的病室，以免他伤着自己。Lest sb. (should) do sth. 以免某人做什么。Unit 363. 在全国范围内将强制执行停车的限制条件。Enforce: vt. 强制执行e.g. It was one of the first cities in the nation to enforce a ban on smoking.这是该国率先施行禁烟令的城市之一。Restrictions: 复数，限制条件。e.g. What would your life be like if you had no restrictions?如果没有限制你的生活将会是什么样子？64. Tom 等了一会儿以确定自己没有被跟踪。Assure: (向) 保证e.g. 1. I can assure you of the reliability of the information.我可以向你保证这消息是可靠的。2. She feels very strongly about taking immediate action to assure we get there on time.她非常强烈地要求立即采取行动以保证我们能准时地到达。65. 我躺在草地上，有气无力地看着敌人们从眼前离开。Pull out: 同近义词 leave; get out (of); recover; 离开，撤离；拔出；渡过难关；恢复健康；e.g. The circus is planning to pull out of the suburb park tomorrow morning.马戏团计划明天上午离开城郊公园66. 通过几天的调查警察缩小了嫌疑犯的范围。67. Susan往返穿梭于鹿特丹和伦敦，忙活她的新工作。Shuttle: v. 频频往返于两地之间n. 穿梭班机; 穿梭班车; 穿梭火车68.这个地方住着的不全都是富人，尽管大家都这样认为。Comprise: vt. you say that something comprises or is comprised of a number of things or peoplee.g. 1. The committee comprises men of widely different views.该委员会包括了具有各种不同意见的人。2. Their country is comprised of 50 states.他们的国家是由50个州组成的。69. 统计数据显示我们消费的纸只有27%被循环利用了。Consume: vt. waste; use up 消费；消耗Assume: vt. accept; undertake 假定（接受一个事实，但没有充足证据）；承担；Presume: vt. guess; 猜测，假设Resume: n. bio. Record 个人简历；vt. start over 重新开始，继续e.g. 1. How soon should agriculture resume after a disaster?灾难之后应该如何尽快恢复农业？2. They assume customers know more than they do.他们以为顾客比他们知道的更多。3. Mr. Cross will assume the role of CEO with a team of four directors. 克罗斯先生将担任由位执行官组成的一个团队的首席执行官一职。4. I presume youre here on business.我想你是来这儿出差的吧。70. 每个人可能对于自由的概念的定义有一点不一样。Define: vt. give a definition for the meaning of/ the essential quality or nautre ofDevise: vt. devise a plan, system, or machine, you have the idea for it and design it. 构思; 设计Derive: vi. develop or evolve frome.g. 1. We derive great pleasure from reading.从阅读中我们得到极大的 乐趣.2. We devised a scheme to help him.我们想出了一个计划来帮助他。71. 她对工作太过投入了以至于没有听到有人敲门。Be absorbed in: 对很投入；一心一意在做某件事72. 一阵头晕后我倒地。73. 公司里新来的一些人没有我资历高。Be junior to me: be of a lower rank or 74. 过去整整一个月，关于这个调查大学里的领导都被蒙在鼓里。Keep sb. in the dark: 瞒着某人; 对保密75. 在过去十年中政府在社会保障金上的资金投入减少了一半。Welfare: n.(U) money that is paid by the government to people who are unemployed, poor, or sick. 社会保障金76. 这枚戒指是从她的曾曾祖母传下来了。77. 他觉得他的这些经历使他与社会疏远了。Alienate: 使疏远；使不友好;e.g. Her behavior alienated her friends.她的行为使自己跟朋友们疏远了。78. 他们总是把空位让给首先来的人。Whoever 的用法：whoever有两个用法，一是引导名词性从句（如主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句），二是用于引导让步状语从句。1). Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。2). Give it to whoever you like. 把它送给你愿送的任何人。3). She can marry whoever she chooses. 她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。二、用于引导让步状语从句（=no matter who）1) Whoever says so, its not true. 不管是谁说的，这话不真实。2) Whoever directed this film, its not much good. 不管是谁导演的，这部影片不怎么样。79. 她不可能上周五在她的办公室； 她已经离开镇上两周了。Can(t) have done的用法:通常只用于否定句和疑问句。用于否定句时表否定推断，推测肯定没做；用于疑问句时意为“难道真的做了吗”，表示怀疑。例如： 1) Can he have done such a foolish thing? (= Is it possible ?)他会做这样的傻事吗？（表怀疑）2) He cant have taken it home.他不可能把它带回家了。（表不可能）Could have donecould have done 可用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句。用于肯定句既可以表示过去能够做而实际未做，有惋惜、遗憾或委婉批评之意，也可以表示对过去动作的推测；用于否定句和疑问句的情况与can have done相同。例如：1) You could have done better, but you didnt try your best.你本可以做得更好，但是你没有尽力而为。（表惋惜）2) This glass is cracked. Someone could have dropped it.这个玻璃杯破了。可能是谁把它掉在地上了。（表推测过去）3) Could he have left the work unfinished?他会丢下工作不干了？（表怀疑）4) He couldnt have checked out so early.他不可能这么早就离开了。（表不可能）注意：cant have done 的语气比 couldnt have done 要强一些。例如：He cant have been to that town.1) 他根本不可能去过那座城市。（语气略强）2) The measurement couldnt have been wrong.测量不可能出错了吧。（语气稍弱）80. 到昨天下午四点所有的员工都在场了。Faculty: 单复数问题1) 集合名词 (单复同形型)这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数。作主语时，用单数动词或复数动词均可，有时意义区别不大。例如： 1) The school teaching staff are（is）excellent这个学校的教师阵容非常之强。 2) The public is（are）requested not to litter in the park。请公众不要在公园里乱扔弃物。 3) The teaching profession claim（s）to be badly paid教师们声称工资低微。 这类集合名词常见的有：class，family， team，crew，board，herd，committee，party， jury，enemy，audience等。 根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体，就认为是单数，用单数动词；若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话，就认为其为复数，用复数动词。试比较： 1) The football team is playing well那个足球队打得非常漂亮。 2) The football team are having bath and are then coming back here for tea足球队员们正在洗澡，然后来这里吃茶点。 3) The family is a very happy one那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。 4) That family are very pleased about the news of Williams success。全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。 在使用这类集合名词时应特别注意的是，在一个句子中前后意义不可自相矛盾。例如： 1) The class have chosen him its monitor 2) The class has chosen him their monitor 81. 虽然我崇拜David的诗人身份，但是我不喜欢他作为一个普通的男人的身份。as可引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然、尽管”，但要用部分倒装结构，形式如下：1) 形容词 + as + 主语 + 系动词。如：Tired as he is, he offers to help me.尽管他已经很累了，他还是主动提出帮助我。2) 过去分词 + as + 主语 + 系动词。如：Well-written as the book is, the author is not satisfied and prepared to revise it.尽管这本书写得很好，作者还是不满意并打算修改它。3) 名词 + as + 主语 + 系动词。如：Student as he is, he does not study hard.他虽然是个学生，却不努力学习。4) 副词 + as + 主语 + 谓语部分。如：Much as I admire his courage, I dont think he acted wisely.我虽然崇拜他的勇气，但我认为他这样做是不明智的。5) 动词原形 + as + 主语 + 谓语的另一部分（情态动词或助动词may, might, will, would等）。如：Try as you will, you wont be able to persuade him.不管你怎么努力，你都说服不了他。82. 直到那时他们才注意到Mansfield坐在暗处，在看一些名不见经传的年轻作家的诗。【句型解释】only引导倒装句当only修饰副词或状语又放在句首时，这个句子要局部倒装（注：即将系动词、助动词和情态动词提前）。1) Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. 只有到这个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。2) Only recently have I allowed myself to think of that again. 只有到了最近我才让自己再考虑这件事。3) Only in this way can you solve the problem, I think. 我想，只有这样你才能解决问题。4) Only when we studied the data once more did we realize there was a mistake. 只有我们再次研究了这些数据之后，才意识到其中有一个错误。83. 旅馆的经理要求晚上11点后住宿旅客不能用收音机。Request that sb. (should) do sth.84. 这样的犯罪事件如此复杂以至于几个月甚至几年后人们才能会发现。一般现在时表将来的规律一、“主将从现”原则当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时，时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来：Ill write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。【注】 除表示时间和条件的状语从句外，表示让步、相似、比例的从句也必须用一般现在时表将来：Ill follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪儿，我就跟着去哪儿。Whatever you say, I wont pay. 无论你说什么，我都不会付钱。Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 无论我们帮他与否，他都会失败。Ill have a good time whether I win or lose. 赢也好，输也好，我都将会玩好。The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 你吃得越多就会越胖。 另外，当主句为用将来时态时，定语从句也通常用一般现在时表将来：Ill give you anything you ask for. 你要什么我都给你。You can have anything I find. 我找到的任何东西你都可以拿去。Everyone who comes first will get a present. 每个先来的人都可得到一份礼物。二、简化原则按照英语习惯，一个句子中若主要动词已经表明了所谈论动作的时间，那么与之相关的其他动词就不必再次指明同一时间，而往往使用一个比较简单的时态，如用一般现在时表示一般将来时等。比较：This discovery means that we will spend less on food.这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。This discovery will mean that we spend less on food. 这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。三、几种值得注意的情况在make sure(弄清楚)，make certain(弄清楚)，take care(注意，当心)，be careful(注意，当心)，mind(注意)，watch(注意)等后的that从句中通常也只用一般现在时表将来意义：Take care that it does not occur again. 注意别再发生这样的事。We must take care that no one sees us. 我们必须注意别让人看见我们。Make sure you come back soon. 你要保证快点回来。Be careful that you dont hurt her feelings. 当心别伤了她的感情。Watch that the baby doesnt go near the heater. 注意别让宝宝接近加热器。85. 当我在旁晚出门，我能不用汽车我就尽量骑自行车。rather than 是一个并列连词，用法比较复杂，现归纳如下： 1. rather than 与would 连用时，构成“would rather.than.”句式，意思是“宁愿而不愿”，表示主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。例如： Shed rather die than lose the children. 她宁愿死也不愿失去孩子们。 2. rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是而不是；与其不如”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。现分述如下： (1) 连接两个名词或代词 He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。 You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营。 注意：rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。 (2) 连接两个形容词 The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。 (3) 连接两个介词(短语)或动名词 We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。 She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。 (4) 连接两个分句 We should help him rather than he should help us. 是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。 (5) 连接两个不定式 I decided to write rather than (to) telephone. 我决定写信而不打电话。 注意：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to, 如上句。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。如：Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price. 他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖掉了。 (6) 连接两个动词 He ran rather than walked. 他是跑来的，而不是走来的。 注意：这里rather than 后用了walked，而没有用walk，表示客观事实，而不是主观愿望。如果换成walk，则作“宁愿而不愿 ”解。 86. 怕到了目的地没有空的房间我们事先预定了酒店房间。87. 像事先预期的那样，这些代表提了很多建议。as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.88. 如果我当时记得去关窗的话，那个贼就不会近来了。89. 虽然它很小，但是蚂蚁和地球上其他动物一样。同81题。90. Jean不想马上去工作因为她认为如果她去工作她就可能不能够很快见到她的朋友。. 虚拟条件句的基本句式从句主句与过去事实相反If sb had done sthSb wouldshouldcould have done sth与现在事实相反If sb didwereSb wouldshouldcould do sth与将来事实相反If sb didshould dowere to do sthSb wouldshouldcould do sth91. St. Louis 曾今是美国第四大城市，如今是名列第24位的大城市。名词性短语作状语 (= Being once the fourth biggest city)92. 储存信息的功能使得计算机有别于以往任何一种机器。Ever: paring a present situation with the past or the future. 以往任何时候e.g. 1) Shes got a great voice and is singing better than ever.她有一副好嗓音，比以往任何时候都唱得好。2) China is wealthier and more powerful than ever before.中国现在比以往任何时候都富有和强大。课后相关练习题答案：Unit 1Language FocusVocabularyI1. 1)insert2)on occasion3)investigate4)In retrospect5)initial6)phenomena7)attached8)make up for9)is awaiting10)not; in the least11)promote12)emerged 2.1)a striking contrast between the standards of living in the north of the country and the south.2)is said to be superior to synthetic fiber.3)as a financial center has evolved slowly.4)is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer.5)by a little-known sixteen-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines.3.1)be picked up; cant accomplish; am exaggerating2)somewhat; the performance; have neglected; they apply to3)assist; On the other hand; are valid; a superiorI. translation1.(1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.(2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.(3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.(4) Assuming this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think its worthwhile to buy it?(5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.2.To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and wi