许国璋英语第一册课文、语法、对话文本.doc

许国璋英语第一册课文、语法、对话文本 第二课a pen pens a map maps a pet pets a spade spades a letter letters一支钢笔 钢笔（复数）一张地图 地图（复数）一只宠物 宠物（复数）一把锹 锹（复数）一封信 信（复数）第三课This is a pen. Is this a pen? That is a pencil. Is that a pencil? This is a desk. Is this a desk? That is a table. Is that a table? This is a disc. Is this a disc? That is a tape. Is that a tape?这是一支钢笔。这是一只钢笔吗？那是一支铅笔。那是一只铅笔吗？这是一张课桌。这是一张课桌吗？那是一张桌子。那是一张桌子吗？这是一张唱片。这是一张唱片吗？那是一盘磁带。那是一盘磁带吗？第四课Is this a pen? Yes, it is. It is a green pen. It that a pencil? Yes, it is. It is a red pencil. Is this a desk? No, it isnt. It is a table. Is that a pick? No, it isnt. It is a spade. These are desks. Are these tables? No, they arent. They are desks. Those are knives. Are those pencils? No, they arent. They are knives.这是一支钢笔吗？是的。这是一支绿色的钢笔。那是一支铅笔吗？是的。那是一支红色的铅笔。这是一张课桌吗？不，不是。它是一张桌子。那是一把镐吗？不，不是。它是一把锹。这些是课桌。这些是桌子吗？不，不是。它们是课桌。那些是刀子。那些是铅笔吗？不，不是。它们是刀子。第五课一、课文What is this? It is a book. What are these? They are books. What is that? It is a notebook. What are those? They are notebooks. I am a student. We are students. You are a teacher. You are teachers. He is a farmer. They are farmers. She is a doctor. They are doctors. Is he a farmer? Yes, he is. Is she a nurse? No, she isnt. She is a doctor. Are you students? Yes, we are. Are they students? No, they arent. They are teachers.这是什么？它是一本书。这些是什么？它们是书。那是什么？它是一个笔记本。那些是什么？它们是笔记本。我是一名学生。我们是学生。你是一名教师。你们是教师。他是农民。他们是农民。她是医生。她们是医生。他是农民吗？是的，他是。她是护士吗？不，她不是。她是医生。你们是学生吗？是的，我们是。他们是学生吗？不，他们不是。他们是教师。二、语法 人称代词 单数 复数第一人称 I (我) we (我们)第二人称 you(你) you (你们)第三人称 he (他) they (他们)第三人称 she(她) they (她们)第三人称 it (它) they (它们) 动词be的人称变化I am we areyou are you arehe is they areshe is they areit is they are第六课一、课文Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening! Good night! Good-bye! Open your books. Lets open our books. Close your books. Lets close our books. Read the text. Lets read the text. Write down the sentence. Lets write down the sentence. AN ENGLISH LESSONMr Smith: Good morning, everybody.Students: Good morning, Mr Smith.Mr Smith: Please open your books. Lets read the text.(The students read the text.)Mr Smith: Now, lets have dictation.早上好!下午好!晚上好!晚安!再见!翻开书。让我们翻开书。合上书。让我们合上书。朗读课文。让我们朗读课文。抄写句子。让我们抄写句子。 一堂英语课史密斯: 大家早上好。学 生: 早上好，史密斯。史密斯: 翻开书，我们来朗读课文。(学生朗读课文。)史密斯: 现在我们进行听写。二、语法 人称代词的主格和宾格英语人称代词有两种形式:主格和宾格。作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格。 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格第一人称 I me we us第二人称 you you you you第三人称 he him they them第三人称 she her they them第三人称 it it they them 祈使句祈使句表示命令或请求，例如: Sit down! (坐下!) Open your books， please. (请把你们的书打开。)祈使句的句末通常用句号，为了加强语气也可以用惊叹号。在表示客气的请求时，常加上please (请);加在前面时带重音，加在后面不带重音，书写时前面加一个逗点，例如: Please read the text.(请读课文。) Close your books， please.(请把你们的书合上。)祈使句的否定式是在前面加 do not 或dont (不要，别)构成的，例如: Dont open your books.(别把你们的书打开。)还有一种祈使句是以 let us 或 lets (让我们)开头的，它表示建议别人和自己一道来做某事，例如: Lets have dictation.(咱们来做听写吧。) Lets read the text.(咱们来读课文吧。)第七课一、课文 Have you any brothers? Yes, I have two brothers. Have you any sisters? No, I havent. Has Jane any brothers and sisters? She has three sisters, but she has no brother. Have the Jacksons any children? Yes, they have two sons and a daughter. MY HOME My home is in Shanghai. My father is a teacher. My mother works in a nursery. My father teaches physics. My mother also teaches. She teaches children to sing and speak clearly. I have a brother and a sister. I am eighteen, my brother is eleven, and my sister is seven. My brother and my sister go to school. I am in my first year at college. I like my subject and I work very hard. 你有兄弟吗? 我有两个兄弟。 你有姐妹吗? 我没有。 简有兄弟姐妹吗? 她有三个姐妹，没有兄弟。 杰克逊夫妇有子女吗? 有的，他们有两儿一女。 我的家 我家在上海。我父亲是一位教师，我母亲在一家托儿所工作。父亲教物理；母亲也教课，教孩子们唱歌、说话要口齿清楚。我有一个弟弟、一个妹妹。我18岁，弟弟11岁，妹妹7岁。弟弟妹妹都上学，我念大学一年级。我喜欢我的专业，学得很用功。二、语法词类英语的词按照意义、词形变化和句法作用等方面的特点可以分为十类:1. 名词(noun - n.- 缩写，下同):名词是人、事物 以及抽象概念等的名称，例如:girl，desk， English等。2. 冠词(article):冠词是附属于名词的一种虚词， 它帮助说明名词的意义。英语共有两个冠词:不 定冠词a(an)和定冠词the。3. 代词(pronoun - pron.):代词是用以代替名词的 词类，例如:I，they，this等。4. 形容词(adjective - adj.):形容词是表示人或 事物的形状、性质、状态等的词。例如:good， little 等。5. 数词(numeral - num.):数词是表示数量和次序 的词。例如:two，first(第壹）等。6. 动词(verb - v.):动词是表示人和事物的行为或 状态的词，例如:open，sleep等。7. 副词(adverb - adv.):副词是在句中修饰动词、 形容词或其他副词，以说明状态、性质和程度等 的词，例如:down，very等。8. 介词(preposition - prep.):介词是表示名词或 代词与其他词的关系的虚词，例如:in，on，at 等。9. 连词(conjunction - conj.):连词是连接词与 词、词组与词组、句子与句子的虚词，例如: but，and等。10.感叹词(interjection - interj.):感叹词是表 示说话时惊奇、喜悦等感情的词，例如: Oh(啊) 等。英语中的词，所属词类不同，形态变化有时也会随之不同，学习单词时必须注意它的词类和词形变化。另外，一个词在英语中属于某词类，译成汉语却不一定用同一词类，必须注意避免按字直译。 句子成分 一个句子由若干成分组成，这些成分叫做句子成分。句子成分依照在句中的作用分为:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等。一般句子都必须有主语和谓语;主语表示所说的是谁或是什么，谓语对主语加以说明，表示它所做的动作或所处的状态。主语和谓语是句子的主要成分。例如: 主语 谓语 We study (学习) and work.有些谓语是由系动词和另一个词(或词组)构成的，和系动词一起构成谓语的这个词(或词组)叫做表语，例如: 主语 谓语 He is a student. (系动词) (表语)一个句子除了主语和谓语外，还常常有其他成分:宾语: 用来完成动词的意思，表示动作的对象，例如: I study English. Read the text.定语: 用来修饰一个名词或代词。例如: I have a red pencil.状语: 用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，例如: Does she work hard(努力)?英词各个句子成分在句子中都有比较固定的位置，一般只有一定词类的词才能作一定的句子成分。 动词 have 的人称变化 I have we have you have you have he has they have she has they have it has they have第八课一、课文This is our classroom. There is a blackboard in our classroom. There are two doors and four windows in it. There are many desks and chairs. There are some pictures on the wall. There is a wall calendar near the windows. And there is a TV set near the blackboard. Is there a map on the wall? Yes, there is. Is there a clock on the wall? No, there isnt. Are there many desks and chairs in the room? Yes, there are. Are there any tables in the room? No, there arent. OUR CLASS There are six classes in Grade One. We are in Class Five. Our class is not very big. There are fifteen students in it. Among them there are seven boys and eight girls. Liu Yang is our monitor and he is from Shanghai. We work very hard. We help each other.这是我们的教室。教室里有一块黑板。教室里有两扇门和四扇窗户。有很多课桌和椅子。墙上有几幅画。靠窗有一本挂历。黑板旁有一部电视机。墙上有张地图吗?是的，有一张。墙上有只挂钟吗?不，没有。房间里有很多课桌和椅子吧?是的，有很多。房间里有餐桌吗?不，没有。 我们班 一年级有六个班，我们在五班。 我们班不算很大，共十五名学生，其中有七名男生、八名女生。刘扬是我们的班长，他是上海人。我们学习很努力，大家互相帮助。二、语法 含有引导词 there 的句子 英语表示某处有某人某物时常用带引导词 there 的句子，例如: There is a picture on the wall. There are fifteen students in our class.这里 picture 和 students 是主语，is 和 are 是谓语，on the wall 和 in our class 是状语。如果主语是单数，用 there is; 如果主语是复数，则用 there are。 there is，there are 在句中无语句重音。肯定式 There is a book on the desk. There are some books on the desk.否定式 There isnt any book on the desk. There is no book on the desk. There arent any books on the desk. There are no books on the desk.疑问式及简略答语 Is there a book on the desk? Yes, there is. No, there isnt. Are there any books on the desk? Yes, there are. No, there arent. 物主代词 my(我的) our(我们的) your(你的) your(你们的) his(他的) their(他们的) her(她的) their(她们的) its(它的) their(它们的)第九课一、课文How many classes are there in Grade One? There are five. How many students are there in Class Three? There are fifteen. How many boys are there in your class? There are seven. How many girls are there in your class? There are eight. Who is he? He is our monitor. What is his name? His name is Liu Xinwen. How old is he? He is twenty. Where is he from? He is from Shanghai. Who is she? She is my classmate. What is her name? Her name is Zhang Yin. How old is she? She is nineteen. Where is she from? She is from Beijing. MY FRIEND Sally is my friend. She is nineteen. She is from New York. She studies Chinese. She works hard. She likes singing and dancing. She is good at sports, too. Everybody says she is a good student.一年级有几个班?有五个班。三班有多少学生?有十五名学生。你们班有几名男生?有七名。你们班有几名女生?有八名。 他是谁? 他是我们班长。 他叫什么名字? 他叫刘新文。 他多大了? 他20岁了。 他是什么地方人? 他是上海人。 她是谁? 她是我的同学。 她叫什么名字? 她叫张荫。 她多大了? 她19岁了。 她是什么地方人? 她是北京人。 我的朋友 萨利是我的朋友。她十九岁。她是纽约人。她学中文。她学习刻苦。她喜欢唱歌与跳舞。她也擅长体育运动。大家都说她是个好学生。二、语法 名词的单数和复数形式英语中名词有单数和复数两种形式,如:a pencil (一枝铅笔), three pencils( 三枝铅笔), many pencils (许多枝铅笔)。英语名词的复数形式一般是在单数形式后加词尾-s 构成,例如: pen pens peasant peasants在以 “s”,“sh”,“ch”,“o“结尾的词后加-es。 例如: class classes brush brushes bench benches tomato tomatoes在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词后先变 y 为 i,再加es。例如: family families secretary secretaries词尾 -(e)s 的读音如下:(a)在清辅音后读作s, maps m*ps desks desks(b)在浊辅音及元音后读作z, pens penz rooms rumz windows #wind2uz chairs t152z(c)在s z 1 t1 d3 后面读作iz, classes #kl4:siz benches #bent1iz brushes #br71iz pages #peid3iz注意:末尾的td加词尾 -(e)s后成为破擦音ts dz,例如: students #stju:d2nts spades speidz少数名词有特殊的复数形式,例如: man men woman women (妇女) #wum2n #wimin child children knife knives naivz 基数词1-20 1. one 11. eleven 2. two 12. twelve 3. three 13. thirteen 4. four 14. fourteen 5. five 15. fifteen 6. six 16. sixteen 7. seven 17. seventeen 8. eight 18. eighteen 9. nine 19. nineteen 10. ten 20. twenty第十课一、课文What time is it? It is six oclock. What time is it? It is a quarter past six. What time is it? It is half past six. What time is it? It is twenty to seven. When do you get up? We get up at six. When do you have breakfast? We have breakfast at seven. When do you have lunch? We have lunch at twelve. When do you have supper? We have supper at six. When do you go to bed? We go to bed at ten. A DIALOGUE Do you have English classes every day? Yes, we do. How many English classes do you have in a week? We have fourteen classes. Do you have your classes in the morning? Well, most of them are in the morning. But on Tuesday we have two classes in the afternoon.现在几点钟?6点。现在几点钟?6点1刻。现在几点钟?6点半。现在几点钟?差20分7点。你们什么时候起床?我们6点起床。你们什么时候吃早饭?我们7点吃早饭。你们什么时候吃中饭?我们12点吃中饭。你们什么时候吃晚饭?我们6点吃晚饭。你们什么时候睡觉?我们10点睡觉。 对话 你们每天都有英语课吗? 是的，每天都有。 你们一周有多少英语课? 有十四节。 你们是在上午上课吗? 嗯，大部分课都在上午，不过星期二我们有两节课在下午。二、语法 时刻表示法英语表示时刻的方式如下: 1) 如果是整钟点，就用“钟点数+oclock”这个形式(oclock常可省去)，例如: It is five oclock. 现在是5点钟。 She gets up at six (oclock).她6点起床。 2) 如果带分钟数，又不超过半小时，则用:“分钟数+past+钟点数”这个形式，这里past 是“过”的意思，表示“几点过几分”，例如: five past two 2点5分 a quarter past seven 7点1刻 half past eight 8点半钟 3) 如果后面的分钟数超过半小时，则用“分钟数+to +钟点数”这个形式，这里to是“到”的意思，表示“几点差几分”，例如: five to nine 8点55分(9点差5分) ten to twelve 11点50分(12点差10分) a quarter to seven 6点3刻(7点差1刻) 注意:表示“在某时刻”，用介词at，例如: at six， at a quarter to six。第十一课一、课文 THE DAYS OF THE WEEK There are seven days in a week. They are Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Do you do homework every day? Yes, we do. What do you do on Monday? We read the text. What do you do on Tuesday? We copy sentences from the text. What do you do on Wednesday? We do spelling exercises. What do you do on Thursday? We review English grammar. What do you do on Friday? We do grammar exercises. What do you do on Saturday? We review the whole lesson. Spring is gay with flower and song, Summer is hot and the days are long, Autumn is rich with fruit and grain, Winter brings snow and the New Year again. 星期一星期有七天，即星期日、星期一、星期二、星期三、星期四、星期五和星期六。 你们每天都做家庭作业吗？ 是的，我们每天都做。 你们星期一干什么？ 我们阅读课文。 你们星期二干什么？ 我们抄写课文里的句子。 你们星期三干什么？ 我们做拼写练习。 你们星期四干什么？ 我们复习英语语法。 你们星期五干什么？ 我们做语法练习。 你们星期六干什么？ 我们复习整课书。春光明媚，鸟语花香，夏日炎炎，夜短昼长，秋天丰收，谷果满仓，冬飘瑞雪，新年在望。二、语法 1.动词的时态 在英语中，不同时间发生的动作或情况，要用不同的动词形式表示，例如: He is a student. (他现在是学生。) He was a worker. (他过去是工人。) 上面is， was原是一个动词，意思是“是”，在表示“现在是”的时候用is，在表示“过去是”时用was。 动词这种表示不同时间的动作或情况的形态，称为时态。时态是英语动词的一个重要特征，学习时要特别注意。 2.一般现在时一般现在时表示: 1) 经常性的动作: We get up at six.(指每天如此) He works in a factory.(指他的职业) 2) 现在存在的情况或状态: She is a nurse. There is a map on the wall. 这个时态除第三人称单数外，都用动词原形表示。第三人称单数要加词尾(e)s。(e)s词尾的加法和名词复数词尾的加法相同，即: 1) 一般情况下加s，例如:livelives， workworks 2) s在s，sh，ch，o后面加es，例如: dressdresses washwashes teachteaches gogoes 3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加es，例如: studystudies carrycarries 但以“元音字母+y”收尾的动词却不这样，直接加s，例如:playplays-(e)s词尾的读音规则是: 1) 在s z 1 t1 d3 后面读 iz，例如: dresses #dresiz teaches#ti:t1iz judges#d37d3iz(判断) closes#kl2uziz washes#w01iz 2) 在清辅音后读s，例如: likeslaiks helpshelps 3) 在浊辅音及元音后读z，例如: singssi9z goesg2uz studies#st7diz 注意:末尾的td加词尾(e)s后成为破擦音tsdz，例如: writesraits readsr:dz一般动词一般现在时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式 肯定式: I(You) work here. He(She) works here. We(You/They) work here. 否定式: I (You) dont work here. He(She) doesnt works here. We(You/They) dont work here. 疑问式: Do I(you) work here? Does he(she) work here? Do we(you/they) work here?动词be一般现在时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式 肯定式: I am a student. You are a student. He(She) is a student.We(You/They) are students. 否定式: I am not a student. You arent a student. He(She) isnt a student. We(You/They) arent students. 疑问式: Am I a student? Are you a student? Is he(she) a student? Are we(you/they) students? 注意:(1)一般现在时的否定式有两种构成法。一般动词的否定式是在动词前加“助动词do (does) + not”构成，后面动词要用原形，例如: They do not (dont) go there every day. She does not (doesnt) study here. do not 和does not 在口语中缩合为dont 和doesnt。 动词be 的否定式是在后面加not 构成。are not和 is not在口语中缩合为arent 和isnt。 (2)动词have的疑问式有两种构成方法。如果表示“占有”，“所有”，则用Have you.?这个形式，例如： Have you a red pencil? (Yes, I have.) Has she any sisters? (No, she has no sisters.) 如果have用在have supper(吃晚饭),have a rest(休息)等常用词组中，则用Do you have.? 这种形式，例如： Do you have supper at six? (Yes, we do.) Does he have a shortrest after lunch? (No,he doesnt.) have的否定式也同样有have (has) not 和do (does)not have两种。have not 和has not 在口语中缩合为havent和hasnt。 3.一般问句 就某一情况是否是事实提出疑问，可以用一般问句。这种问句一般现在时的结构是：助动词do(does)主语动词原形其他部分。例如： Do you study here? Yes, I do. Does your father work in a factory? No, he doesnt. 如果谓语中包含有动词be，则将它放在主语前面，例如： Are you a firstyear student? Yes, I am. Is your sister a nurse? No, she isnt. 如果谓语是there is (are),则将它的语序颠倒，例如： Is there a map on the wall? No, there isnt. Are there any factories in the commune(公社)? Yes， there are. 这种问句用升调，回答时先说Yes或No，再给简略回答。 4.名词所有格 在表示“贝蒂的父亲”，“我姐姐的丈夫”这种意思时，我们常可以在Betty,(my)sister这种名词后加 s(apostrophe s)，来表示所有关系，例如： Bettys father my sisters husband Chairman Maos works 这里带s的形式称为名词所有格。如果这个名词带有复数词尾(e)s，则只加“”，例如： workers families teachers reading room 但不带(e)s词尾的复数名词仍要加 s，例如： childrens books womens dresses 一般说来，只有表示有生命东西(特别是人)的名词，才能用这种形式表示所有关系。表示无生命东西的名词，通常用带of的短语表示所有关系，例如： students of new China the monitor of Class Five teachers of our school 但某些表示时间的名词也可以用所有格。例如： todays newspaper (今天的报纸) the weeks work (这星期的工作) yesterdays meeting (昨天的会议)第十二课一、课文 THE SEASONS There are four seasons in a year. March, April and May make the spring season. June, July and August make the summer season. September, October and November make the autumn season. December, January and February make the winter season. Near the North Pole there are two seasons: winter and summer. The winter nights are long. For more than two months you cant see the sun, even at noon. The summer days are long. For more than two months, the sun never sets, and there is no night. In the tropics there are also two seasons: a rainy season and a dry season. 四季 一年有四季。三、四、五月是春季，六、七、八月是夏季，九、十、十一月是秋季，十二、一、二月是冬季。 靠近北极的地方一年只有两季：冬季和夏季。冬季夜长，两个多月里即便是在中午也见不着太阳。夏季日长，两个多月里太阳一直不落，没有夜晚。赤道地区一年也只有两季：雨季和旱季。二、语法第十三课一、课文 A DAY AT COLLEGE Wang Qing gets up very early. He dresses, washes, and goes out to do exercises in the fresh morning air. Then he has breakfast. For most of the morning he attends lectures or practises his English. After class he reads in the library or reviews his lessons. Lunch is at twelve. After lunch Wang Qing takes a nap. In the af