安全工程专业英语教材(备课版).docVIP

专 业 英 语安全工程专业（矿山通风、安全和健康方向）安全科学与工程学院二零零三年九月ContentsPart Mine Ventilation Lesson 1 Introduction to Mine Ventilation- 1 -Lesson 2 Energy Changes in Fluid Flow- 4 -Lesson 3 Face Ventilation- 6 -Lesson 4 Mechanical Ventilation- 10 -Lesson 5 Mine Ventilation Systems- 14 -Lesson 6 Fundamentals of Ventilation Network Analysis- 18 -Part Mine SafetyLesson 7 Mine Gases- 23 -Lesson 8 Coal seam methane- 27 -Lesson 9 Open Fires- 31 -Lesson 10 Spontaneous Combustion- 34 -Lesson 11 Methods of Dust Control- 1 -Lesson 12 Mine Drainage- 4 -Lesson 13 Mine Rescue Operations- 8 -Lesson 14 Survival Program- 11 -Part Mine HealthLesson 15 Hearing Loss among Miners and Measures to Protect Hearing- 14 -Lesson 16 Heat Illness- 18 -Lesson 17 Cold Environments- 22 -Part New Techniques and ProgressLesson 18 Interactive Ventilation Hazard Assessment and Training Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Virtual Reality- 1 -Lesson 19 Dust Monitoring and Control- 6 -Lesson 20 Apparatus for Measuring the Gas Content of Coal or Rock Core Samples - 8 -附录 科技翻译例句-44-Part Mine VentilationLESSON 1Introduction to Mine Ventilation教学内容 Introduction、Purposes of Mine Ventilation、Historical Development、Properties of Air教学目的 通过该部分学习，要求学生熟记 Mine ventilation、dilute、contaminant、exhaust shaft、colliery、trapper 、moisture content等专业词汇，达到英文与中文相互熟练翻译的程度；深入理解Purposes of Mine Ventilation、Properties of Air等内容，达到熟练阅读和正确、通顺地翻译的程度；了解Historical Development等内容，达到比较熟练和比较通顺翻译的程度。教学重点、难点 purposes of Mine Ventilation、Properties of Air课时安排 1授课方法 讲授与讨论相结合IntroductionMine ventilation involves the control of the atmospheric environment. This requires control of the air quality and air movement to satisfy the requirements for the health, safety and comfort of mine workers. Minimum standards are set out in the various states mines regulation. Some are descriptive, specifying the standards required (eg. Victoria), and some are prescriptive, detailing exactly how the standards are to be achieved (eg. W.A.).set out To lay out systematically and graphically:生动形象地摆出：set out a terrace.画出地形矿山通风涉及到对大气环境的控制。这需要控制空气的质量和运动，以满足矿工的健康、安全和舒适性要求。（翻译技巧：正反处理法）许多州的矿山条例中都提出了（关于空气的质量和运动方面的）最低标准。有些是叙述性的，指明必需的标准（例如，维多利亚 加拿大港市)。有些是说明性的，详细严密地叙述如何达到这些标准（例如 ）Purposes of Mine VentilationProperly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to:provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breatheprovide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinerydilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levelsmaintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limitsremove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.engineervt设计The road is very well engineered. 这条路设计得很好。策划His enemies engineered his ruin. 敌人图谋毁灭他。The ministers enemies engineered his ruin.部长的敌人密谋陷害他。矿山通风的目标（翻译技巧：拆句译法）从工程技术来讲，正确控制矿山空气需要：提供新鲜的空气（氧气）工，供人呼吸提供氧气来源，供给各种机械上的内燃机。稀释空气中的污染物，以达到允许标准保持空气的温度和湿度在容许的界限内除去空气当中来自矿山的污染物。Historical Development Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground. 矿山通风的目标有两部分内容：首先，维持生命；其次，带走有毒的气体。矿山通风在历史上重要的角色是提供足量的新鲜空气，以代替井下工作的矿工所消耗的氧气。注：Historic和 historical尽管在意义上有重叠的地方，但用法上有区别。 Historic指历史上有重要意义的：the historic first voyage to outer space而且也用于形容那些因与历史事件或人物有联系而有名或有趣的事物：a historic house. Historical是指不管重要与否而在过去存在的所有事物：a historical character. Historical也指与历史或对过去的研究有关的事物：a historical novel; 但这两个词并不是截然不同的。它们经常可换用。historicadj.历史上著名的, 有历史性的historicaladj.历史(上)的, 有关历史的Todays mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).现今，矿山通风主要对付有害的气体（主要由无轨设备产生）。注：不太确切，诚然一些无轨设备会产生一些有害气体（如井下的蓄电池充电时可释放出氢气），但大部分有害气体产生于生产过程中，如爆破作业等。In the past, mining occurred nearthe surface where natural light and ventilationwas available. Fires were used to draw fresh air into the mine and exhaust shafts vented the hot smoke out of the mine.过去，采矿业产生在地表附近，可利用自然光和通风。人们用火驱动新鲜空气进入井下，出风井把烟排出井外。Long before coal was mined in North America, collieries in Europe were sunk with dual entrances; one through which air flowed into the mine and another through which air flowed out. Initially, mine ventilation was assisted by underground furnaces, which used the practical principle that the updraft of a fire caused a suction which drew air out of the mine and this air was replaced by air which was pulled in to fill the opening.在北美州开始采煤的很早以前，欧洲的煤矿都挖掘两个入口：一个用来流入空气，一个用来流出空气。最初，人们用地下的炉子帮助矿山通风。这利用的实际原理是：火的上升气流产生一种吸力，驱动空气排出井外，从而在原来位置产生空缺，然后驱动另外空气填充空缺。注：colliery (包括建筑， 设备在内的)煤矿Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the early stages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.在煤矿开采的早期，人们已用金丝雀来检测瓦斯。这种敏感的鸟带到工作地点，如果发现它死亡了，矿工将立即离开矿井。However, before the 1870s, managers and qualified persons were using safety lamps to detect gas. These safety lamps soon replaced oil lamps and open flared candles as a source of working light.然而，在19世纪70年代以前，管理人员和有资格的人员一直用安全灯来检测瓦斯。这些安全灯很快代替油灯和裸露燃烧的蜡烛作为工作照明的工具。Soon, small hand-turned fans were used to blow out gas from working places into main air currents. Trap doors were strategically placed as part of the ventilation system to guide the flow of air to or from selected areas. Trapper boys were posted at the busier doors to open them for the passage of coal, materials and men. Air courses were frequently cut through coal and rock. 很快，人们用手工转动的风机把来自于工作地点的瓦斯吹到主风流当中。通气门被放置在通风系统中，以引导风流流入或流出选定的区域，这具有战略意义（翻译技巧：拆句译法）。矿井风门开关管理员被安排在过往较频繁的风门，当煤、材料和人员通过时，打开风门。通风巷道经常穿过煤层和岩层。In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.20世纪20年代，手工转动的风机被小型的空气动力涡轮风机所取代。大型的抽出式风机安置在地表，并且其尺寸在逐渐增加。地面的压缩机把风流通过管道压入矿井中，供给动力机械和辅助通风。Properties of AirThe constituents of air are:ConstituentVolumeMass %Nitrogen (N2)78.0975.53Oxygen (O2)20.9523.14Carbon Dioxide (CO2)0.030.04Rare Gases (Ar, H2, He, etc.)0.931.28Atmospheric Pressure at any point is due to the weight of air above it, and varies with altitude (which determines the height of the air column), and air density (which is determined by temperature and moisture content). Standard atmospheric pressure is taken as 760mm of Hg, (101.3kPa) at mean sea level, and it varies by about lkPa for every 90 m increase or decrease in altitude.任何地点的大气压力是由于其上面的空气柱的重量所产生的，随着高度（决定空气柱的高度）和空气密度（由温度和湿度所决定）发生变化。Atmospheric temperature is normally given according to the Celsius scale (C), but the Kelvin scale (K) may be used.大气温度通常以摄氏度的形式给出，然而开氏温标也被使用。标准大气压力在平均海平面下为760毫米汞柱，高度每增加或减少90米，压力变化1kPa。0K=-273C(absolute zero)273K=0C(freezing point of water)373K=100C(boiling point of water)Air is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas mixture which supports combustion and life. In mine ventilation we are usually dealing with an air/water vapor mixture which has different thermodynamic properties to dry air. The density of dry air is 1.21 kg/m at standard atmospheric pressure (101.3kPa) and temperature (15C).空气是无色、无嗅、无味的混合气体，维持燃烧和生命。矿井通风当中，我们通常讨论空气和水蒸汽的混合物，这和干空气的热力性质不同。标准大气压力和温度下，干空气的密度是1.21kg/m3。New Words and ExpressionsMine ventilation 矿山通风internal combustion engine 内燃机dilute冲淡, 变淡, 变弱, 稀释contaminant 污染物noxious 有害的exhaust shaft 出风井colliery 煤矿sink 挖掘suction 吸入, 吸力, 抽气, 抽气机, 抽水泵, 吸引canary 动金丝雀, 淡黄色trap door 通风门trapper设阱捕兽者, 矿矿井风门开关管理moisture content 湿度thermodynamic adj.热力学的, 使用热动力的LESSON 2Energy Changes in Fluid Flow流体流动的能量变化教学内容 Energy terms、energy changes、Bernoulli energy equation教学目的 通过该部分学习，要求学生熟记 head、static energy、velocity energy、potential energy incompressible fluid等专业词汇，达到英文与中文相互熟练翻译的程度；深入理解Energy terms、energy changes、Bernoulli energy equation达到熟练阅读和正确、通顺地翻译的程度。教学重点、难点 Bernoulli energy equation课时安排 1授课方法 讲授与讨论相结合一、复习旧课1回忆exhaust shaft、colliery、trapper专业词汇的中文含义2Review of the various methods of mine ventilation in history二、讲授新课Mine Ventilation is normally an example of a steady flow process, that is, one in which none of the variables of flow changes with time. Transition and loss in energy are involved in such a process, and it is important to understand their nature and to be able to express them mathematically. Energy changes are basic to the calculation of the mine quantity and head, one of the ultimate objectives of mine-ventilation engineering. An expression relating the energy variables may be developed as follows.正常情况下，矿山通风是稳定流动过程中的一种，也就是说，流动过程中所有流动变量不随时间发生变化。能量转换和能量损失包含在这个过程中，重要的是：我们应了解它们的性质，并能够用数学形式描述出来。能量变化是计算矿山风量和压力的基础，而计算矿山风量和压力是矿山通风工程的一个最终目标。一个与能量的变量相关联的式子将在下面阐述。The total energy at any section in a moving as fluid consists of the sum of the internal static, velocity, potential, and heat energies at that section. Assume a real fluid moving in a conduit, and consider the energy changes that occur between any two sections in the system. The heat changes is generally negligible compared to the other terms, except in deep mines or ones naturally ventilated, and the addition of mechanical energy is usually considered separately. Omitting these terms for now, the total energy at section 1equals the total energy at section 2, plus the flow energy losses occurring between 1 and 2, or (total energy)1 = (total energy)2 +(flow energy losses)1-2 (1)substituting expressions for the various energy terms and disregarding the minor change in internal energy, the following general energy equation for fluid flow results: (2)Where: ,- static energy; ,-velocity energy; Z,Z2 -potential energy; H1-2 -flow energy loss.流体在流动过程中，其任何区域的总能量由该区域固有的静压能、动压能、位能和热能组成。假定真实流体在管道中流动，并且考虑系统中任两区域之间的能量变化。同其他形式的能量相比，热能常常忽略，除了深部矿井和自然通风的矿井之外。机械能之和常常单独考虑。暂且忽略热能，那么区域1的总能量等于区域2的总能量加上1和2之间的流动能量损失，即： 用式子代替各种能量形式，并且不考虑内能的微小变化，得出流体的总能量方程如下：Equation 2 is recognized as the familiar Bernoulli equation, applicable to all fluid-flow processes. In this form, it applied only to an incompressible fluid, which air is assumed to be in nearly all mine ventilation because of minor changes in air density.式子2为我们所熟悉的柏努利(Daniel, 1700-1782, 瑞士物理学家数学家)方程，适用于所有流体流动过程。在这种形式中，伯努力方程仅适用于不可压缩流体，几乎所有矿井通风中的空气都可假定为不可压缩流体，因为空气密度变化很小。Each term in the equation is actually a specific energy, in unit of m.kg/kg, or m. Since m is a measure of fluidhead, these terms can also be referred to as pressure heads or simply heads. In dealing with air, it is customary to employ mm of water rather m of an air as the unit of head.方程式中的每一项实际上是一个特定的能量，单位为m.kg/kg, 或 m。因为m作为流体的度量单位，所以这些形式的压力也可称为压头或仅仅称为头。对于空气来说，习惯上采用毫米水柱而不是米水柱来作为头的单位。Accepting the equivalency of specific energy and head, the general equation as written in Eq.1 can also be expressed: (3)Where: Ht total head; and Eq.2 can be expressed: Hs1+Hv1+Hz1=Hs2+Hv2+Hz2+H1-2 (4)Where Hs is static head, Hv is velocity head, and Hz is elevation or potential head, all heads have the unit of mm water. 如果认为特定能量和头等价，那么以方程1形式所写出的一般方程也可以表示为：式中Ht总压头；方程2也可以表示为：These versions of the Bernoulli energy equation (Eq.2 and 4) are both basic and general and the most useful to employ in mine ventilation. In relating the static velocity, potential, and total heads plus the losses flow, the energy equation permits writing of an expression encompassing all flow variables between any two points in the ventilation system. These points may be selected at the beginning and end of the system (the entrance and discharge of mine for the air circuit), enabling the calculation of the characteristics for the entire system (the mine heads).伯努力方程的这些形式不仅是基本的、普遍的，而且是最有用的应用于矿山通风的手段。能量方程式与流体的静压、速压、位压、总压头加上流动损失相关联，能够表示成包含通风任两点的所有流动参数的形式。这些点可以选在系统的开始和结束处（矿山空气环路的进口和出口），从而能够计算整个系统的特性（矿山压头）。New Words and Expressionshead 液压，气压：液体或气体产生的压力；压差static energy 静压能velocity energy 动能potential energy 位能incompressible fluid 不可压缩流体LESSON 3Face Ventilation工作面通风教学内容 Line Brattice、Auxiliary Fan教学目的 通过该部分学习，要求学生熟记 Face、entry、crosscut、brattice、auxiliary fan、heading 、blowing (or blower）system、exhaust system 、methane buildup等专业词汇，达到英文与中文相互熟练翻译的程度；深入理解Line Brattice、Auxiliary Fan达到熟练阅读和正确、通顺地翻译的程度。教学重点、难点 Auxiliary Fan课时安排 1授课方法 讲授与讨论相结合一、复习旧课1回忆head、incompressible fluid专业词汇的中文含义；静压、位压的英文表述；2Please describe the Bernoulli equation in English.二、讲授新课Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function 1. While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.（*教学手段：have a student read above paragraph ,then explain how translate it in Chinese.） 除非给工作面分配了合适的风量，否则矿井通风系统就没有完成它的主要任务。虽然人们普遍认识到通风的这个最终任务是极其重要的，但是要完成这个任务也是极其困难的。1注：Unless=if not（如果不，除非），该从属连词引导一个条件状语从句。There are basically two methods of ventilating the blind entries ahead of the last open crosscut: the use of line brattices or the installation of auxiliary fans. Each technique has its defenders as well as its outspoken critics2.（*教学手段：have a student read above paragraph ,then explain how translate it in Chinese.） 对最后一个连通石门前的独头平巷进行通风，有两种主要方法：使用纵向风障和安装局部通风机。每一种方法都有它的优点和缺点。2注：defenders（防御者）引申为优点，outspoken critics（坦率地批评）引申为缺点。Line BratticesThe line brattice is essentially a space divider or temporary partition made of an impervious material that is installed and maintained very carefully and kept as close to the face as possible3. Its purpose is to guide the airflow through the face area and last open crosscut and into the return. Brattices were formerly (and to some extent still are) made of untreated jute, but nylon reinforced plastics and similar materials are more commonly used in them today. While the more effective material is invariably higher in initial cost, it results in lower overall expense in that it allows for greater reuse and less air leakage.（*教学手段：Ask all the students to translate the above italic sentence into Chinese by themselves. After 3 minutes, have three students read their translation. Then ask the other students to select the best translation.）纵向风障实际上是一种用不透风材料制成的间隔物即临时隔板，它要细心安置、精心维护，并使其尽可能接近工作面。纵向风障的用途是引导风流流经工作面区域和最后连通石门后，进入到回风流中。以前，纵向风障是由未经加工的黄麻制成的（现在仍多少使用这种材料），但是，现在人们普遍使用尼龙加固塑料和类似的材料来制成风障。虽然这种效果较好的材料使初期成本总是较高，但是它导致总体费用下降，这是因为考虑到它能够多次重复使用，并且漏风较少。注：that引导的定语从句修饰a space divider而不是impervious material；as close as possible尽可能接近的。The line brattice is installed so as to split the heading longitudinally and thus provides an inlet as well as a return from the face to the last open crosscut. Since the mining machine must have room to maneuver on one side of the brattice, it is not practical to split the entry evenly, so a wide side is provided for the machine. The air may be brought up the narrow side and, after it sweeps by the face , returned on the wide side, as in the blowing system or it may be forced in the reverse direction as shown in the exhaust system4. Since the blowing system produces a high velocity of air at the face, it achieves superior gas dilution, but the air, now contaminated with gas and dust, returns over the machine and its operator. As a result, this system is rarely used today. The more commonly employed exhaust system, with intake air coming in on the wide side of the brattice and returning on the narrow side, eliminates this problem because the fresh air passes over the machine operator before it reached the face. However, since the air velocity provided at the face by the exhausted system is low, it does a less effective job of diluting the gas there. In fact, the corner of the face opposite the end of the brattice can easily gas up, so it is imperative that the end of the brattice be maintained no farther than 3 m from the face.5（*教学手段：Ask all the students to translate the above italic sentence into Chinese by themselves. After 3 minutes, have three students read their translation. Then ask the other students to select the best translation.）安装纵向风障使得平巷沿纵向分割，从而形成一进风通道和一从工作面到达最后连通石门的回风道。采矿机械要在风障的一侧运行，必须留有空间，因此等分入口安装是不符合实际的，应在采煤机的一侧留出较多的空间。在压入式系统中，风流从窄的一侧流入，在清扫工作面后，从宽的一侧排出，而在抽出式系统中风流方向反向。由于压入式系统在工作面附近提供了的风速较高，因此瓦斯能够得到很好的稀释。但是，由于含有瓦斯和粉尘的污浊风流流经机器和操作人员，所以现在很少采用这种系统。现在，广泛采用的是抽出式系统，在这个系统中，风流从风障较宽的一侧流入，从较窄的一侧排出，由于新鲜风流首先流经采煤机的操作人员，然后才到达工作面，所以消除了压入式系统产生的问题。然而，因为抽出式系统在工作面附近提供的风速较低，因此，它的瓦斯稀释效果不好。事实上，工作面对应于风障端部的角落，容易得到瓦斯聚集，所以规定风障端部与工作面之间的距离不能大于3m。4注：by表示“穿过”、“途径”的意思，介词短语在状语从句中作状语。5注：由that引导的主语从句的虚拟语气省略了should。一般主语从句的虚拟语气用于意志动词的被动结构中，也可用于it is necessary, it is important, it is essential等结构的主语从句中。Auxiliary FansWhile auxiliary fans have not achieved the popularity they deserve in coal mines, they are not necessarily panacea for face ventilation 6. As a concept, the idea of hanging tubing out of the way while providing an adequate flow of air to the face appears very attractive 7. However, when one begins to calculate the pressure and horsepower required by an auxiliary fan, one soon realizes that the tubing needs to be much larger than originally visualize. Also, it must be very carefully installed and maintained to m